lnLroducLlon Lo !

urlsprudence
MobmoJ 8lo AbJol Iomoot 07J02J5
MobJ lokbtol llktl Mokbtot 081476J
lotetl ooq 5oflo 8lotl Meqot MojlJ 07120J6
koflJob 8lotl 5obll 0717J96
sL
resenLaLlon
uLerl ?ong Sofla 8lnLl MegaL Ma[ld
07036
Mohd Fakhrul Fikri Mokhtar 0814763
1he or|g|n of the term '[ur|sprudence'
@e word '[urlsprudence' ls derlved from a
LaLln word jotlsptoJeotlo wlc orlglnally
means 'knowledge of law' lL ls Le LaLe LaLln
form of a compound word of [urls and
prudens
ome a|ternat|ve terms used for '[ur|sprudence' and the
d|fference between '|ega| theory' and [ur|sprudence
@erms suc as legal pllosopy legal Leory
and [urlsprudence are ofLen used
lnLercangeably and ave caused confuslons
amongsL sLudenLs on weLer Lese words
ave slmllar meanlngs or noL

|ff|cu|t|es |n prec|se|y def|n|ng the term

[ur|sprudence
lL ls an lnLer dlsclpllnary sub[ecL wlc relaLes
Lo many oLer sub[ecLs
Plgly sub[ecLlve
no boundarles
CfLen slfLs ln meanlng
nterd|sc|p||nary qua||ty of [ur|sprudence
lnLerdlsclpllnary quallLy of [urlsprudence means LaL
a sLudenL of Le sub[ecL as Lo Louc on maLLers LaL
would normally belongs Lo oLer dlverse dlsclpllnes
suc as pllosopy soclology economy and
psycology
8elaLlonslp wlL llosopy
8elaLlonslp wlL Soclology
8elaLlonslp wlL Lconomy
8elaLlonslp wlL sycology
nd
resenLaLlon
Mamud 8ln Abdul !umaaL
073033
1he 8enef|ts |n tudy|ng Iur|sprudence
1 Iur|sprudence cons|sts of the genera| theor|st about |aw
1wo type genera|
theor|es
nterna| Law
Lxplores Le concepL of Le Lermlnology
and relaLlons of Le varlous parL of Le
law
Cenerallzes Le knowledge and Le
energy and furnlsed a gulde for a
currenL legal sysLem Lo meeL new
slLuaLlon
terna| Law
LxLernal relaLlons of Le legal sysLem Lo
governmenL and socleLy
Wy one enLer Le professlon of law
unless one seeks Le beneaL welLer of
sLaLuLe and see Le law as a parL of larger
wole
!urlsprudence wlll elp and gulde you formulaLe waL
quesLlon LaL need Lo be asked
!urlsprudence ls llke a road map
AblllLy of law sLudenL ln quesLlonlng Le correcLness of oLer people vlew
@e sLudy of a legal Leory Lakes you beyond laws and lnLo laws
[urlsprudence wlll enable Lo consLrucL argumenLs and counLer opposlng
argumenLs wlL more confldence and greaLer llkellood of success
Holmes,
"The remoter and more general expect of
the law are those which give it a universal
interest. The connection between your subject
and the universe will indeed catch the echo of
the infinite."
ppeobelmet v cottetmole
A German Jewish refugee has been deprived his German Nationalities
by a Nazi decree.
ssues:
Whether an English court should regard him as effectively deprived of
his German nationalities. The federal consLlLuLlonal courL regards LaL
as long as a person dldn'L applled for renaLurallsaLlon Cppenelmer wlll
losL ls Cerman clLlzenslp Powever Le ma[orlLy favored Lo re[ecL lL on
Le basls of publlc pollcy @e Lord Cross sald LaL Lo ls mlnd LaL law LaL
lnfrlnges Le uman rlgL sould noL regards as a law aL all
3 !urlsprudence as relevance Lo Le real world
Example:
t will develop a sense what law is about.
Ex. Austin and Bentham thought that the law is about power
however Hart and Kelsen think that its about the authority and
not moral authority.
Ex. Judges
Austin thought that judge was deputy legislature. Dworkin thinks
that judges only create law what is already there.
Lenln
@eory wlLouL pracLlce ls polnLless and Leory
wlLouL pracLlce ls mlndless"
Aloo 1bomos
ctltlcol leqol tbeotles teveol o Jlffeteot woys
cteotloq low os tbe exptessloo ooJ meJlom of powet
SchoIar Views
uevelop your lnLellecLual skllls
lL wlll Lraln you Lo develop a ablL of analyzlng waL lL ls you
accepL and more lmporLanLly wy lL ls exLremely dlfflculL
especlally wen you are flrsL faced wlL Lose Leorles ln order
Lo develop LaL ablL
@aL ls wy we need Lo sLudy Le greaL's of Le sub[ecL Lo geL
some clue as Lo waL poslLlon we ourselves sould old
3 CrlenLlng you Lowards Le sub[ecL and encouraglng
you Lo varlous maLerlals ln a senslble way
?ou wlll develop your own crlLlcal awareness of Le lssues and
waL [urlsprudence are all abouL
lace you ln Le besL poslLlon Lo answer Le examlnaLlon
quesLlon and elp you Lo organlze your work and Llme efflclenLly
lL wlll elp Le sLudenL Lo develop a capaclLy for crlLlcal LougL
9rof 1w|nn|ng concept on read|ng
[ur|sprudence tet
na|yt|ca| |eve|
Were lL would be
approprlaLe Lo examlne Le
quesLlons ralsed scruLlnlze
Le answer glven and Len
evaluaLe Le reasons
provlded for Lose answer
Cn Lls level lL ls lmporLanL
LaL Le sLudenL clarlfles
Le naLure of Le quesLlon
before accepLlng Le
auLor's answer
1he app||ed |eve|
Were Le reader examlnes
Le lmpllcaLlon of accepLlng
Le poslLlon ouLllned by Le
auLor
lL ls on Lls level LaL one
can declde wy Le auLor
wroLe waL e dld wen e
dld parLlcular wlL regards
Lo Le pollLlcal lmpllcaLlons
of Le LexL
n|stor|ca| |eve|
@e reader place Le LexL ln
lLs lsLorlcal perspecLlve
ln examlnlng a LexL on
lsLorlcal level lL sould be
borne ln mlnd waL was
avallable Lo LaL auLor
@o wom was e replylng?
WaL was Le problem aL
LaL Llme?
nte||ectua| obstac|es |n the study of
[ur|sprudence
lL ranges over Le law ln lLs enLlreLy
Concerned wlL a varleLy of perlperal" maLLers ouLslde Le
LradlLlonal boundarles of legal sLudles
lL ls relaLed Lo enqulrles of a mosL fundamenLal naLure
ConslsL a crlLlcal Llnklng
ConslsL a greaL number of readlng Lo maLerlallze Le
undersLandlng of a sLudenL
ome bas|c features of s|am|c [ur|sprudence
lslamlc [urlsprudence or ln Arablc called as usul alflq ls Le rooLs of lslamlc Law
wlc expound Le lndlcaLlon and meLods by Le rules of flq are deduced from
Lelr sources
AlCuran and Sunna wlc are Le prlnclple sources of Sarla
3 @e meLodology refer Lo meLods of reasonlng suc as analogy (qlyas) [urlsLlc
preference (lsLlsan) presumpLlon of conLlnulLy (lsLlsab)and Le rules of
lnLerpreLaLlon and deducLlons serve and ald Lo Le correcL undersLandlng of Le
sources of l[Llad
@e colce ln maklng soluLlon wlll be wlLln Le llgL of conslderaLlon of equlLy
and falrness
3 @ere ls compreenslveness because Le lslamlc precepLs and rules govern
uquq Alla also (rlgL of Cod) and every conducL of man
6 @e sources of Sarla are permanenL caracLer and may noL be overruled on Le
ground of raLlonallLy or Le requlremenL of soclal condlLlon
7 normaLlve expecL as belng Laken maln approac on Le operaLlon of lslamlc
[urlsprudence
3rd
resenLaLlon
#afidah Binti Sabli
0717396
@e uworkln's Leory
8onald uworkln seemed Lo re[ecL Le value of
a general Leory of law on Le basls LaL any
suc Leory or lnLerpreLaLlon LaL was valld
for all Le sysLems we would llke lL Lo cover
would be aL suc a lg level of generallLy LaL
would noL Lell us anyLlng lnLeresLlng Pls
alLernaLlve was Lo offer a Leory LaL applles
only Lo a slngle legal sysLem
oslLlvlsLs' deflnlLlon of law and lLs cenLral
clalm
@ey belleve ln man made law only
@ey belleve LaL laws sould be [usL
uo noL confuse Lem wlL noncognlLlvlsm
Legal poslLlvlsm ls abouL Le naLure of Le law noL
abouL Le naLure of moral [udgmenL
@ey belleve law and morallLy are usually overlap
@ey belleve laws made by Le auLorlLy
8elleve ln penal sancLlon
noL compaLlble Lo Le Llrd world counLrles
@e deflnlLlon of law
Cn waL basls can we speak of a general
Leory of law" aL all?
ueflnlLlon of law llngulsLlcally Lnglls Lerm
a parLlcular collecLlon of lnsLlLuLlons and
pracLlces Wereby lL wlll vary from one
counLry Lo anoLer and ln eac counLry over
Llme
#afidah Binti Sabli 0717396
L
resenLaLlon
ohd Fakhrul Fikri okhtar
0814763
11 1he genera| att|tude |n the Common Law
trad|t|on towards theoret|ca| |nvest|gat|on of |aw
ln Le older days ln 8rlLls legal sysLem Le Lralnlng of Le
sLudenLs of law and [udges of law was mecanlcal
@elr [ob was Lo know Le problem Lo know Le law and Len
Lo apply Le law Lo Le problem Lo flnd ouL resulL
no scope on maklng any commenL on Le law could noL
crlLlclze Le law could noL crlLlcally examlne Le law
Wy?
)@e auLorlLy of Le klng and lLs offlcers nobody can
callenge Le law lncludlng [udge
) @e lnsLlLuLlon of precedenL was very sLrong
@e effecL?
Le law ln Lngland dld noL develop
Le slLuaLlon was crlLlclzed by rof karmer
l) Legal educaLlon musL be crlLlcal
ll) Legal educaLlon musL be ln conLexL waL are Le conLexL? lL ls Le soclal
economlc and pollLlcal condlLlon
Many oLers also crlLlclzed Le Lnglls legal sysLem Lerefore Lere was a
cange ln 8rlLls legal sysLem Len sLudy was made crlLlcal [udges was also
crlLlcal and Len developmenL becomes fasLer And as a resulL many leglslaLlon
was made
12 1he ma|n quest|on]s ra|sed |n [ur|sprudence
@e perslsLenL quesLlon ln [urlsprudence ls Le lssue of weLer Lere ls
or sould be some necessary connecLlon beLween law and morallLy
13 25ortance of knowing the reIevant
theories of Iaw
We study the various theorists because they throw light to build our
own perception.
As practitioners of law, it makes us to think about the basis what
we are doing.
14 ,ean|ng of a 'theory' and pos|t|v|sts'
understand|ng of |ega|
Lega| theory lnvolves a progresslon from Le sLudy of laws Lo Le sLudy of
law
@e poslLlvlsL make slmple asserLlon LaL Le proper descrlpLlon of law ls a
worLy ob[ecLlve and a Lask LaL need be kepL separaLe from moral
[udgmenLs
@e early poslLlvlsL lncluded !eremy 8enLam (73) and !on AusLln
(79039)
ln slmple Lerms legal poslLlvlsm ls bullL around Le bellef Le assumpLlon
LaL Le quesLlon of waL ls Le law ls separaLe from and musL be kepL
separaLe from Le quesLlon waL Le law sould be
1S 1he f|e|ds of [ur|sprudence
|) na|yt|ca| [ur|sprudence
A legal Leory LaL draws on Le resources of modern analyLlcal
pllosopy Lo Lry Lo undersLand Le naLure of law
||) Normat|ve [ur|sprudence
normaLlve [urlsprudence Lells us waL Le law ougL Lo be
@us a normaLlve Leory of LorL law would Lell us waL rules of
LorL llablllLy would be besL rlgL or [usLlflable uL slmply
normaLlve [urlsprudence ls abouL values
|||) Genera| (ana|yt|ca|) [ur|sprudence
@e concepL ls Lo enable us Lo undersLand Le essenLlal feaLures of any
legal sysLem wlLouL descrlblng Le deLalls of any parLlcular sysLem
|v) 9art|cu|ar (ana|yt|ca|) [ur|sprudence
@e sLudy of any one suc sysLem
v) n|stor|ca| [ur|sprudence
@ey belleve LaL law emanaLlng aL Le grass rooL level of Le socleLy
@ey are of Le oplnlon LaL law ls ln Le form of cusLom Ley do noL
belleve ln unlversallsaLlon of law lor Lem law grows ln socleLy flourlses
ln Le socleLy and dles wlL deaL of Le socleLy
Accordlng Lo lsLorlcal [urlsprudence approac wlLouL sLudylng Le
developmenL of Le law on one can undersLand Le llvlng law le Le
exlsLlng law ln pracLlce
v|) oc|o|og|ca| [ur|sprudence
Soclologlcal [urlsprudence seeks Lo base legal argumenLs on
soclologlcal lnslgLs
@e baslc prlnclple ls LaL Lere ls a relaLlonslp beLween law
socleLy Lerefore soclologlcal Lype of sLudy ls posslble ln law also law
as a role Lo play ln Le socleLy and LaL role ls Lo brlng abouL
armony lnLegraLlon among Le confllcLlng lnLeresL
16 merg|ng forms of [ur|sprudent|a| th|nk|ng
mer|can kea||sm
@e reallsm" ln legal reallsm" ls Le use of LaL Lerm ln lLs lnformal
meanlng belng reallsLlc
@ere ls an elemenL of rule skepLlclsm ln Le Amerlcan reallsm @ey do
noL glve muc lmporLance Lo Le leglslaLed law @ey belleve LaL Le
acLual law ls Lere ln Le [udlclal declslon noL ln Le sLaLuLe
cand|nav|an kea||sm
8eallsm Scandlnavlan reallsL llke Amerlcan reallsL re[ecLs 'ougLs'
Lls means LaL Ley re[ecLs Le rules ln oLer words Lere ls an
elemenL of rules skepLlclsm
Legal rules Le valldlLy lLs legal rules or legal exlsLence of rules
depend on predlcLlon LaL Lls would be accepLed by Le courL
@ere ls no LoLal re[ecLlon of rules llke Le Amerlcan reallsm Ley
say LaL enacLed rule are valld lf we Llnk LaL lL wlll be sulLable Lo
Le courL @e rules are Le source of law buL Lere ls llmlLaLlon
LaL lL wlll be valld lf lL ls accepLable Lo Le courL Len lL wlll be Le
law
em|n|sm
A movemenL Lo ensure or Lo proLecL lnLeresL of female ln socleLy
17 ust|n's 'part|cu|ar [ur|sprudence' 'genera|
[ur|sprudence'
Genera| [ur|sprudence
@e sclence concerned wlL Le exposlLlon of prlnclples noLlons
dlsLlncLlon of Le common sysLem of law undersLandlng by Le sysLem of
law Le ampler maLurer sysLems wlc by Le reason of Lelr
ampllLude maLurlLy are preemlnenLly pregnanL wlL lnsLlLuLlon
@e concepL ls Lo enable us Lo undersLand Le essenLlal feaLures of any
legal sysLem wlLouL descrlblng Le deLalls of any parLlcular sysLem
9art|cu|ar [ur|sprudence
@e sLudy of any one suc sysLem
18 1he quest|ons common|y posed |n genera|
[ur|sprudence
Ceneral [urlsprudence ls concerned wlL speculaLlons abouL law as
dlsLlncL from speculaLlons abouL a speclflc law @ere are many
quesLlons commonly posed ln general [urlsprudence suc as
a) WaL ls law?
b) WaL ls a law
c) WaL ls a legal sysLem
d) Sould law enforce morallLy
e) Pow does Le naLure of socleLy affecL law?
f) WaL role does law play ln socleLy
g) WaL ls Le purpose of law?
) ls law necessarlly [usL?
l) WaL are Le approprlaLe crlLerla for assesslng a legal Leory?
19 1he va|ue of genera| [ur|sprudence
@e sLudy of [urlsprudence affords an opporLunlLy Lo sLand back a llLLle
from Le deLall of subsLanLlve law and Lo conslder Le purpose and
operaLlon of law as a wole lncludlng fundamenLal quesLlons relaLlng
waL law ls supposed Lo do and waL lL acLually does ln pracLlce
Law ls a pracLlcal dlsclpllne and lLs very pracLlcallLy ls based upon Le
adequacy of Le Leory upon wlc lL resLs [usL as an aeroplane ls a
pracLlcal maclne wlc works only lf lLs deslgn ls based upon sound
aerodynamlc Leory
20 escr|pt|ve and normat|ve |ega| theory
escr|pt|ve |ega| theory
@e approac empaslzlng Le exLenL Lo wlc dlfferenL (and apparenLly
compeLlng) LeorlsL mlgL be seen as answerlng dlfferenL quesLlons boL
derlves from Le elp Lo explaln Le underdlscussed maLLer of ow we
can ave descrlpLlve Leorles of ongolng soclal penomenon suc as law
Normat|ve |ega| theory
ln addlLlon Lo Le quesLlon WaL ls law? legal pllosopy ls also
concerned wlL normaLlve or evaluaLlve Leorles of law WaL ls Le
goal or purpose of law? WaL moral or pollLlcal Leorles provlde a
foundaLlon for Le law? WaL ls Le proper funcLlon of law? WaL sorLs of
acLs sould be sub[ecL Lo punlsmenL and waL sorLs of punlsmenL
sould be permlLLed? WaL ls [usLlce? WaL rlgLs do we ave? ls Lere a
duLy Lo obey Le law? WaL value as Le rule of law?
C A
SLSSlCn
Mohd Fakhrul Fikri Mokhtar 0814763
@ank ?ou
Mohd Fakhrul Fikri Mokhtar 0814763