ALLAH

The most Beneficent and the most Merciful

Dr. Noor Muhammad Soomro

Consultant Clinical Oncologist

Cancer

,,,,,,,

Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by

uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.

If the spread is not controlled, it can result in

death.

TYPES OF CANCER

Cancer Benign Malignant

TYPES OF CANCER

Malignant: is cancerous. Malignant tumors can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body.

Benign: is not cancerous. Benign tumors may grow larger but do not spread to other parts of the body.

BENIGN V/S MALIGNANT

Benign

Malignant

It is not harmful.
It is not spreading Does not invade surrounding tissues.

It is harmful tumor.
Tendency to spread. Malignant tumors are

Tendency to spread to invade.

SIGN OF CANCERS
CAUTION
C A U T I O N
Change in bowel or bladder habits A wound,does not heal

Unusual bleeding or discharge

Thickening or a lump in a breast (or elsewhere) Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing Obvious change in a wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness

Causes of Cancer
Smoking: Diet: Genetics Occupational & Environment Infectious Agents :

MAJOR MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS

* Tobacco use Tobacco use is the main cause of cancers of the lung, larynx, oral cavity, and esophagus, and a major cause of bladder and pancreas cancers.

CANCER PREVENTION
DIET Avoid obesity Reduce total fat intake Eat more high-fiber foods TOBACCO Stop smoking RADIATION Limit exposure to X-rays OCCUPATION Avoid high-risk occupations if possible (e.g. printing, chemicals, textile workers, coal or asbestos mining) Minimize exposure to carcinogens in the workplace SUNLIGHT Avoid excessive exposure/ use sunscreens

BIOLOGICAL MODEL

WHAT IS BREAST CANCER?

Definition : Cancer that forms in tissues of the breast, usually the ducts (tubes that carry milk to the nipple) and lobules (glands that make milk). It occurs in both men and women, although male breast cancer is rare.

Breast Cancer Facts

2nd leading cause of death

2nd most common cancer

Incidence increases with age All women are at risk

BREAST CANCER
SPREAD TO LYMPH NODES
Supraclavicular

Subclavicular Mediastinal

Distal (upper) axillary

Internal mammary

Central (middle) axillary Interpectoral (Rotters) Proximal (lower) axillary

Breast Cancer Risk Factors that cannot be changed

Age Family/Personal History GENDER - All women are at risk Reproductive History

Race
Radiation Treatment with DES

Menstrual History Genetic Factors

Cont

Breast Cancer Risk Factors

that can be controlled

All women are at risk

Obesity

Exercise
Breastfeeding Alcohol

Not having children

Hormone Replacement Therapy

Birth Control Pills

Cont

FACTORS THAT PUT WOMEN AT HIGH RISK

A BRCA gene mutation A very strong family history of breast cancer, such as a mother or sister who was diagnosed with breast cancer at age 40 or younger A personal history of breast cancer, LCIS, or atypical hyperplasia Past exposure to treatment-dose ionizing radiation during childhood or young adulthood

PAKISTAN PRESENT SCENARIO

Approximately 1 in 8 of Pakistani women will suffer from breast cancer at some point in their lives. Highest rate of breast cancer any Asian population 40,000 deaths per year. Treating menopausal symptoms with the hormone combination of estrogen and progesterone for four or more years increases your risk of breast cancer

DOES BIOPSY SPREAD CANCER?

BREAST BIOPSY
FNAC Excision Biopsy

STAGING WORKUP

WHAT IS THE TREATMENT?

TREATMENT OF BREAST CANCER

Depends on stage of disease

TREATMENT

Surgery
Chemotherapy Targeted therapy ( Herceptin)

Hormonal Therapy ( ER & PR)

Radiation therapy

 To keep a lamp burning, we have to keep putting oil in it

Mother Teresa

THANK YOU