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Types
A universal motor can be manufactured in two different ways. Non-compensated type with concentrated poles Compensated type with distributed field.
Non-Compensated motor
The Non-compensated motor has 2 salient poles and it is laminated. The armature is of wound type and the laminated core is either straight or skewed slots. The leads of the armature winding are connected to the commutator. High resistance brushes are used along with this type of motor to help better commutation.The skew in the armature slots serves for two purposes: It reduces the magnetic hum. It aids in reducing the locking tendency of rotor, which is called magnetic locking. Magnetic locking is a condition during which the rotor teeth remains locked under the stator teeth due to magnetic attraction between the stator and rotor. This will be considerably reduced by using the Skew
Speed/Load Characteristics
Very similar to that of DC series motor, the universal motor also has varying speed characteristics. The speed is low at full loads. The speed is Very high and dangerous at noloads. During no-loads the speed is limited only by its own frictional and windage load.
Speed control of universal motor is very important and the following methods are employed for the speed control of universal motors. Resistance method Centrifugal Mechanism Tapping Field Method
Resistance method:
In this method of speed control a variable resistance is connected in series with the motor. The amount of resistance in the circuit can be changed. A foot pedal is used for this purpose. Usually this method is employed for motors used in sewing machines.
Centrifugal Mechanism:
This method is involved whenever the application involves a number of speeds. Best example is home food and fruit mixers. Here a centrifugal device is attached to the motor. If the motor rises above the specified speed set by the lever, the centrifugal device opens the contact and R comes in contact with the circuit. This causes the motor speed to decrease below the set speed. When the motor runs slower than the speed set by the lever, the contact is established and resistance is short circuited. This causes the speed to increase. The variations in speed are noticeable as the process is repeated in a rapid manner
Tapping-Field Method:
As the name suggests the field is tapped at various points in this method. This is done by wounding the field pole. The tapping arrangement is established by two ways The various sections in the field pole are wounded and different sizes of wire and taps are brought out from those sections. In the second method, resistance made of Nichrome is wounded over the field pole. Various tappings are brought out from this wire.
Applications
Universal motors are mostly employed in Vacuum cleaners Portable drills Drink mixers Sewing machine