Wireless Networks and spread spectrum Technologies

Chapter 6

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Chapter 6

Wireless Networks and spread spectrum Technologies

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Unlicensed Frequency Bands

ISM: Industry, Scientific, and Medical frequency band 902-928 MHz (26 MHz wide)
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2.4000-2.4835 GHz(83.5 MHz wide) 5.725-5.875 GHz (150 MHz wide)

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Understanding the 5 GHz Spectrum

5 GHz UNII Band
5.15 5.25
4 Ch

5.35
4 Ch

5.470
11 Ch To Be Defined

5.725

5.825

4 Ch UNII-3 30dBm

US (FCC)

UNII-1 UNII-2 17dBm 24dBm

Europe

23dBm

30dBm

UNII-1: Indoor Use, Antenna Must Be Fixed to the Radio UNII-1 Lower 5.155.25 GHz UNII-2 Middle 5.255.35 GHz UNII-2: Indoor/Outdoor Use, Fixed or Remote Antenna UNII-3 Upper 5.7255.825 GHz (Must Implement 802.11h After Jul 19, 2007) UNII-3: Indoor/Outdoor; Fixed, Pt-to-Pt Can Employ Higher Gain Antenna Europe: Must Implement 802.11h
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UNII bands and channels

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Narrowband and Spread Spectrum

There are two primary radio frequency (RF) transmission methods: narrowband and spread spectrum.

A narrowband transmission uses very little bandwidth to transmit the data that it is carrying, whereas a spread spectrum transmission uses more bandwidth than is necessary to carry its data. Spread spectrum technology takes the data that is to be transmitted and spreads it across the frequencies that it is using.
For example, a narrowband radio might transmit data on 2 MHz of frequency space at 80 watts while a spread spectrum radio might transmit data over a 22 MHz frequency space at 100 milliwatts.
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Modulation Aspects and Techniques

There are three aspects of the basic carrier wave that can be modulated: Amplitude Frequency Phase or angle The three corresponding techniques are as follows: Amplitude modulation (AM) Frequency modulation (FM) Phase modulation (PM) Other modulation techniques
Amplitude shift keying (ASK) Turning the amplitude all the way off Frequency shift keying (FSK) Hopping to an extreme frequency Phase shift keying (PSK) Shifting the phase 180 degrees

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Basic Types of modulation

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Binary Phase Shift Key Modulation

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Carrier frequency
A carrier frequency is an electronic wave that is combined with the information signal and carries it across the communications channel.

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FHSS
FHSS is a spread spectrum technique that uses frequency agility to spread data over more than 83 MHz of spectrum. Frequency agility is the ability of a radio to change transmission frequency quickly, within the useable RF frequency band.

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Hopping Sequence
FHSS radios use a predefined hopping sequence (also called a hopping pattern or hopping set) comprising a series of small carrier frequencies, or hops. Instead of transmitting on one set channel or finite frequency space, an FHSS radio card transmits on a sequence of sub-channels called hops.

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Dwell Time

Dwell time is a defined amount of time that the FHSS system transmits on a specific frequency before it switches to the next frequency in the hop set.

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Hop time
Hop time is not a specified period of time but rather a measurement of the amount of time it takes for the transmitter to change from one frequency to another. Hop time is typically a fairly small number, often about 200 to 300 microseconds (s).

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DSSS
DSSS uses a wide frequency range of 22 MHz all of the time. The signal is spread out across the different frequencies. Each data bit becomes a chipping sequence, or a string of chips that are transmitted in parallel, across the frequency range. This is sometimes referred to as the chipping code.

Regulating agencies set a minimum chipping rate for the different supported speeds. IEEE 802.11 uses 11 chips. For example, the minimum chip rate for 802.11 DSSS, per the FCC, is ten chips for 1 and 2 Mbps (BPSK/QPSK) and eight chips for 11 Mbps (CCK).
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802.11b
802.11b uses three different types of modulation, depending upon the data rate used: Binary phase shift keyed (BPSK) BPSK uses one phase to represent a binary 1 and another to represent a binary 0, for a total of one bit of binary data. This is utilized to transmit data at 1 Mbps. Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) With QPSK, the carrier undergoes four changes in phase and can thus represent two binary bits of data. This is utilized to transmit data at 2 Mbps.

Complementary code keying (CCK) CCK uses a complex set of functions known as complementary codes to send more data. One of the advantages of CCK over similar modulation techniques is that it suffers less from multipath distortion. Multipath distortion will be discussed later. CCK is utilized to transmit data at 5.5 Mbps and 11 Mbps.

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OFDM Modulation and Data Rates

BPSK Binary phase shift keying QPSK Quadrature phase shift keying QAM Quadrature amplitude modulation is a hybrid of phase and amplitude modulation
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DSSS and HR/DSSS

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802.11b ChannelsFCC

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Chipping Code

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OFDM

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OFDM coding

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Adjacent, Nonadjacent, and Overlapping Channels

HR-DSSS (802.11b) and ERP (802.11g) requires 25 MHz of seperation between the center frequencies.

5 GHz OFDM require 20 MHz of seperation between the center frequencies.

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Throughput vs. Bandwidth

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