kekayasa 1anaman II

|asma Nutfah Domest|kas| dan Introduks|

:930
- |ont qerm|o:m or |ont qenet|c re:ource:!
- vhy qerm|o:m :o |mortont!
- CR ero:|on!
- Cerm|o:m coteqory!
- Center of d|uer:|ty!
- Method of con:eruot|on
- Cro dome:t|cot|on!
- |ont |ntroduct|on!
Variasi diantara bean
Variasi diantara jagung
Variasi diantara tanaman
hias bunga
Plant genetic
resources
8aslc for agrlculLural developmenL
A reservolr of geneLlc adapLablllLy LhaL acLs as a
buffer agalnsL envlronmenLal change
lLs eroslon LhreaLens world food securlLy
lL ls llmlLed and perlshable naLural resource
lL provldes raw maLerlals Lo produce new and beLLer
planL varleLles
lL ls lrreplaceable source of lmporLanL characLers
such as reslsLance Lo dlsease and producLlvlLy
lL has lnesLlmable value
l=uf rm,l=>m +> fh zuf+ >vr m=fr+=l v>d
, ,l=uf rdr> f dvl, u vlf+v=r>
hlm=u ' l,r. 199).
rm,l=>m> m=, +ulvd >d> r fhr ,l=uf
,r,=z=f> >vh => = l=. >fm. ,llu. r
vlfvrd ll> fh=f vld zru +uf m=fvr
,l=uf>.
rm,l=>m +> fh ,fuf+=l. hrd+f=r, >fl> +fh+u
= >,+>. f=lu llf+vl,. fh=f +> v>d ,
,l=uf rdr f dvl, u vlf+v=r>.
@anaman
Lengkap
Serbuk sarl
SLek
8l[l
umbl
kulLur
merlsLem
Cermplasm/
lasma nuLfah
klon
Cen
lL ls deslrable Lo malnLaln as dlverse as posslble parLlcularly
of domesLlcaLed culLlvars and Lhelr ancesLors ln order Lo
malnLaln a wlde geneLlc base
@he wlder Lhe geneLlc base Lhe greaLer Lhe capaclLy for
adapLaLlon Lo parLlcular envlronmenLal condlLlons (eg a
paLhogenlc presence) @hls has led Lo Lhe esLabllshmenL
of gene banks
@o be bred lnLo varleLles havlng new or useful LralLs such as
droughL reslsLance or addlLlonal nuLrlLlonal quallLy
germplasms is so important?
germplasms is so important?
@o enhance our agrlculLure (food securlLy feed
energy) and provlde lnsurance agalnsL losses of
prevalenL sLralns of sLaple crops
rovlde medlclnal sources and economlc beneflLs
>> zuf+ d+vr>+f,/v=r+=+l+f, dvr+uz r,
dm>f+=f+u
T=ul>l,. Hvh. 199)
Just as the d|vers|ty of spec|es we depend on |s a sma|| fract|on of
the spec|es ava||ab|e to us, so |s the genet|c d|vers|ty w|th those
spec|es a sma|| fract|on of the genet|c d|vers|ty actua||y present
|n them. The spec|es we depend on have become more and more
genet|ca||y un|form.
%e loss of genetic material (genes, genotpes) from individuals or
populations is termed genetic erosion (BPGR, 1991).
H=+u =v>> zuf+ r>+u
lanL Cermplasm CaLegory
Primar gene pool (same species)
LllLe culLlvars
Landraces (prlmlLlve culLlvars)
Wlld planLs of Lhe same specles
Secondar gene pool
CulLlvars landraces or wlld
planLs of dlfferenL specles
Wlde crosses"
Potato Germplasm
ntroduction Station (NR6)
Nort Central Regional Plant
ntroduction Station (NC7)
S
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U
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D
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Source: USDA
HarIan and deWet's Gene PooI System
InformaI genetic
perspective
Primary gene pooI:
BioIogicaI species
Secondary gene
pooI : AIIeIe transfer
a struggIe
Tertiary gene pooI:
Outer Iimit of potentiaI
genetic reach.
Every other pIant ?
lassification of plant genetic
resource
CuIfivofed species
I. CommercioI voriefies
Z. Londroces or frodifionoI IocoI voriefies
3. 8reeding Iines
4. SpecioI genefic sfocks
wiId species
I. For direcf use
Z. For Indirecf use
3. PofenfioIIy ufiIi;obIe
ommercial varieties
Sfondordi;ed ond commercioIi;ed
voriefies
CuIfivors
They hove been obfoined by
professionoI pIonf breeder
They ore chorocferi;ed by high
producfivify ond high genefic
vuInerobiIify
andrace
They ore primifive voriefies which hove evoIved
over cenfuries or even miIIennio ond hove been
infIuenced decisiveIy by migrofion ond bofh
nofuroI ond orfificioI seIecfion
There is o Iorge diversify befween ond wifhin
fhese voriefies
They ore odopfed fo survive in unfovorobIe
condifion, hove Iow buf sfobIe IeveIs of
producfivify ond ore chorocferisfic of
subsisfence ogricuIfure
0reofesf offenfion, due fo:
I. fhe obundonce of pofenfioIIy usefuI genefic
voriofion fhey confoin in oIreody co-odopfed
gene compIexes
Z. The speed wifh which fhey ore disoppeoring
when repIoced by commercioI voriefies
reeding lines
They ore moferioIs obfoined by pIonf breeder os
infermediofe producf
They hove o norrow genefics bose becouse fhey hove
originofed from o smoII number of voriefies or
popuIofions
$pecial genetic stock
Sfocks incIude ofher genefic combinofion, such os:
I. Mufonf
Z. Infer-specific hybridi;ofion producf
3. Somofic hybridi;ofion producf
4. Tronsgenic producf
ceotet of Jlvetslty
enyebaran plasma nuLfah dldunla dlbagl ke dalam beberapa neotet of
otlqlo !uga dlkenal sebagal ceotet of qeoetln Jlvetslty
CenLer of orlgln culLlvar spesles
usaL asal spesles dlsuaLu daerah dlmana Ler[adl keragaman Lerbesar
dalam spesles LersebuL
Beater af
ar|g|a
Beater af
ar|g|a
rlmary cenLer
Secondary cenLer
Vavilov centers centers of plant diversit and
areas of origin for agriculture
CenLer of orlgln
(nlkolal lvanovlc vavllov)
rlmary cenLer daerah pusaL dlmana daerah
LersebuL merupakan asal darl spesles dan
[uga merupakan daerah yang memlllkl
keragaman LerLlnggl darl spesles LersebuL
CenLer of dlverslLy
Secondary cenLer daerah yang memlllkl
keragaman Lerbesar darl salah saLu Llpe
spesles yang berkembang luas dldaerah
LersebuL dan merupakan hasll mlgrasl
darl prlmary cenLer namun bukan
merupakan daerah asal darl spesles
LersebuL
cootoboyo poJo tooomoo joqooq ptlmoty
neotetoyo Jl Mexlno seJooqkoo senooJoty oteo
ootok joqooq tlpe llllo tetJopot Jl cbloo
istribution of plant genetic
resources
The genefic voriobiIify of cuIfivofed pIonfs is
nof rondomIy disfribufed fhroughouf fhe
worId
Zhukovsky (I9ob) idenfified IZ megogene
cenfers of crop-pIonf diversify ond o number
of microgene cenfer of wiId growing species
reIofed fo crop pIonfs
Zeven & Zukovsky (I97b) Iisfed fhe species
for differenf megogene cenfer ond fhe ronge
ond exfenf of disfribufion of ifs diversify
#egions of diversity
Chinese-Joponese region Soybeon, Cifrus, Lifchi, 8omboo, Pomi, Teo
Indochinese-Indonesion
region
Pice, Mongo, 8onono, Pombufon, Durion, 8reod fruif,
8omboo, Sogo poIm, 0inger, Coconuf
AusfroIion region EucoIypfus, Acocio, Mocodemio
Hindusfoni region Pice, EggpIonf, Okro, cucumber, 8onono, Mongo
CenfroI Asion region Onion, Podish, Corrof, Sesome
Meor Eosfern region Peor, AppIe, Peo, Sesome
Mediferroneon region Durum, oIive, Podish
Africon region Durum, Coffon, kenof, coffee
Europeon Siberion region Peoch, Chicory
Soufh Americon region Pofofo, Tobocco, Tomofo, 0roundnuf, cossovo, cocoo,
rubber
CenfroI Americon ond
Mexicon region
Moi;e, ChiIi, Coffon
Morfh Americon region SunfIower, pIum, sfrowberry
egagene (Zeven & Zukovsky, '75)
9h, f u>rv zrm,l=>m>
Th >lf+u =ud ,vr++=f+u l=udr=> l=d f
fh mr vu+rm+f, =ud l>> zuf+ v=r+=+l+f,
+fh+u fh +m,rvd vlf+v=r>.
Th h+ f zr ul, fh ,rrrd ,l=uf> +>
=lld mur,,+uz. h+h =u r+uz fh l>>
zuf+ v=r+=+l+f, fh +ld >,+> +u fh u=r
vfvr. vul>> rf=+u m=>vr> u>rv=f+u
fh +ld >,+> =ud fh ,r+m+f+v l=udr=> =r
>ffld.
onservation of Plant Genetic
#esources
b[ecLlve To conserve sufficienf diversify wifhin
eoch species fo ensure fhof ifs genefic pofenfioI
wiII be fuIIy ovoiIobIe for breeding work
%o tpes:
I. In Sifu (oIomioh)
Z. Ex Sifu (doIom benfuk koIeksi)
These fwo sysfem shouId be considered compIemenfory,
nof onfogonisfic
n situ conservation
If consisfs in fhe IegoI profecfion of fhe oreo ond
hobifof in which fhe species grows
This is fhe preferred fechnique for wiId pIonf
The odvonfoge is fhe evoIufionory dynomics of fhe
species ore moinfoined
The drowbock is fhe cosf, ond fhe socioI ond poIificoI
difficuIfies which occosionoIIy orise
situ conservation
If impIies fhe coIIecfion of represenfofive sompIes of
fhe genefic voriobiIify of o popuIofion/cuIfivor, ond
fheir moinfenonce in germ-pIosm bonks or bofonicoI
gordens os seeds, shoofs, in vifro cuIfure, pIonfs
If is moinIy used for cuIfivofed pIonfs muIfipIied by
cIone seeds
Advonfoge Drowbock
I. The confroI moferioIs in o smoII
spoce under infensive core
I. The germ-pIosm ceose fo evoIve,
ond fhe nofuroI processes of
seIecfion ond confinuous
odopfofion fo IocoI hobifof ore
hoIfed
Z. The moferioIs is eosiIy occess fo
pIonf breeder
Z. 0enefic driff (rondom Ioss of
diversify due fo fhe focf fhof fhe
sompIes coIIecfed ond muIfipIied
ore necessoriIy very smoII)
3. SeIecfion pressure (fhe moferioI
is usuoIIy muIfipIied in
phyfoecogeogrophicoI oreo
differenf from fhose where if wos
coIIecfed)
ermp|asm Management
Acqu|s|t|on
Ma|ntenance
kegenerat|on
Documentat|on and
Data Management
D|str|but|on
Character|zat|on
Lva|uat|on
Lnhancement
42089.,943 The process by which peopIe fry
fo confroI fhe reproducfive rofes of onimoIs
ond pIonfs. Wifhouf knowIedge on fhe
fronsmission of froifs from porenfs fo fheir
offspring.
Domestication oI crops: i.e. selection Ior non-shattering trait
Barley (Hordeum vulgare): Fertile Crescent 9,000 BC
Wheat (Triticum spp): Fertile Crescent 8,000 BC
Beans (Phaseolus spp): Middle and South America 7,000 BC
Rice (Ory:a sativa): South oI Himalaya Mtns. 6,000 BC
Corn (Zea mays): Mexico/Guatemala 3,000 BC
Soybean (Glycine max): C. China 2,800 BC
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea): S. America 1,800 BC
Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor): AIrica 1,000 BC
Domestication oI crops:
Nature versus Man Selections
Nature:
Shattering (generally a dominant trait that insures survival by
dispersing seed oI the next generation. Consider the corn plant;
could it survive with mankind?
many small seed
non-uniIorm maturity
dormancy
maintenance oI variation (insures survival across variation in
years)
nature discards most mutations or aberrant types
Domestication oI crops:
Nature versus Man Selections
Mankind:
non-shattering uniIorm maturity large seed
inc. yield no dormancy higher quality
lodging resist. insect resist. disease resist.
resist. to temp. resist. to drought allelopathy
seedling vigor hard seededness (?)
anther culturability regenerationability
So PB began as an art, as simple selections by mankind Ior the
types oI plants that were Iound to be desirable in taste and energy
expended per calorie gained and today is both an art and a science
involving many disciplines.
Crop Domestication
Multiple different independent centers of domestication
Selective breeding of ild plants and animals began 10,000 ears ago
D
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P
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Revie(ceck tis out..!)
1. at's PGR? (Plasma nutfa.??
2. germplasm so important?
3. Cause of genetic erosion?
4. Germplasm categor?
5. Crop domestication?
6. Plant introduction? at for?
. Tugas Tambahan
1. #eading Assignment:
P. Gepts. A Comparison Beteen Crop Domestication,
Classical Plant Breeding and Genetic ngineering.
2002.. Crop Sci. 42:1780-1790
2. Mengerjakan tugas individu:
- Membuat ringkasan atau pointer-pointer penting
paper di atas maksimal 2 lembar.
3. %ugas dikumpulkan minggu depan (14 Sept 2011)
4. Sanksi: %ugas ang merupakan PIagiat akan
diberikan nilai 0 (NOL).