Jonathan Rivera Dungca, D.Eng.

Associate Professor
FOUNDES
Soil Mechanics/Review
(Part 2)
De La Salle University -Manila
Department of Civil and Engineering
Chapter 3: Soil Mechanics
Lecture No.1
3.1 Soil Composition
Soil-a 3-phase material
Soil Characterization (particle size,
soil plasticity)
3.2 Soil Classification
3.3 Groundwater
3.4 Stress (Total vs. Effective)
Chapter 3: Soil Mechanics

Lecture No.2
3.5 Compressibility and
settlement
Lecture No.3
3.6 Strength
3.5 Compressibility &
Settlement
Settlement requirements often
control the design of foundations
This chapter provides a general
overview of principles involved in
settlement analysis
The subject will be dealt with in
greater detail in Chapter 7.
Case Study
Settlement must be within
acceptable limits ..
Palacio de las Bellas
Artes, Mexico City
Built 1932-1934
Palace of Fine Arts in Mexico City
Settled 3m!
Lacustrine Clay deposited in former Lake
Texcoco
Av. Water content 281%, Void Ratio 6.90
Groundwater withdrawal; increase in
effective stress
Resulting Consolidation
43-story Tower Latino Americana
Case Study
Tower of Latino
Americana, Mexico
City
Built ihn 1956
44 stories; 597-ft
Increase in Vertical Effective Stress
Due to a Placement of a fill


Due to an external load

fill fill z zf
H o o +
'
=
'
0
( )
induced
z z zf
o o o +
'
=
'
0
Voids
Voids
Solids
H
V
v
= eV
s

V
s
o
c

A e
V
v
= (e - A e)V
s


V
s
Solids
Ao
z

Ao
z

o
z0

o
z0

o
z0

o
z0

}o
z f

}o
z f

Before
After
Consolidation

u
0

o
0

Before Loading

-
Point, P

u
0
+Au
o
0
+ Ao
Immediately
After Loading

-
Point, P
o
0
+ Ao

u
0
+Au

u
0

o
0
+ Ao
Shortly after Loading
No settlement
Long after Loading
Settlement Complete
Settlement
Distortion Settlement (Immediate)
Consolidation (Time Dependent)
Secondary Compression
time
Settlement
Laboratory Consolidation Test
Consolidation Test
Test Results
Consolidation Plot
Test Results
Idealized
Data
Compression Index and
Recompression Index
a z b z
b a
c
e e
C
) (log ) (log o o
'

'

=
c z d z
d c
r
e e
C
) (log ) (log o o
'

'

=
Compression Ratio and
Recompression Ratio
a z b z
b z a z c
c
e
C
C
) (log ) (log
) ( ) (
1
0
o o
c c
c
'

'

=
+
=
c z d z
c z d z r
r
e
C
C
) (log ) (log
) ( ) (
1
0
o o
c c
c
'

'

=
+
=
Normally and
Over-Consolidated Soils
c zo
o o
'
=
'
.. Normally consolidated
c zo
o o
'
<
'
.. Over consolidated
c zo
o o
'
>
'
.. Under consolidated
Normal vs. Over-Consolidation
Normal vs. Over-Consolidation
Over-Consolidation Margin &
Over-consolidation Ratio
zo c m
o o o
'

'
=
'
.. Over-consolidation
Margin
zo
c
OCR
o
o
'
'
=
.. Over consolidation ratio
Typical Range of OC Margins
Compressibility of Sand and
Gravels (Table 3.7)
Example 3.3
Settlement Predictions
N.C. Clays
|
|
.
|

\
|
'
'
+
=

0 0
log
1
z
zf
c
c
H
e
C
o
o
o
Settlement Predictions
O.C. Clays Case I
|
|
.
|

\
|
'
'
+
=

0 0
log
1
z
zf
r
c
H
e
C
o
o
o
Settlement Predictions
O.C. Clays Case II
|
|
.
|

\
|
'
'
+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
'
'
+
=

c
zf
c
z
c r
c
H
e
C
H
e
C
o
o
o
o
o log
1
log
1
0 0 0
Ex. 3.4
Example 3.4
Ex. 3.5
Example
3.5