Autonomic Nervous System

Unit structure of Nervous System

Unit Function of Nervous System

Reflex action: Definition: it is unavoidable, inborn, beneficial response to a stimulus Types: Somatic reflex action Autonomic reflex action Components of reflex action: Reflex Arc:
Receptor Afferent neuron center efferent neuron effector organ

Difference between somatic and Autonomic reflex arc

Synapse
Definition:

It is the site of contact between 2 neurons i.e. the site of contact between the axon terminals of one neuron and cell body or dendrites of another neuron. ( there is no cytoplasmic continuity between neurons)

Divisions of Autonomic Nervous System

Anatomically Cranial Thoracolumber Sacral outflow outflow outflow Sympathetic N.S. Thoraco lumber T1 to L3 Parasympathetic N.S. Cranio sacral III VII- IX- X S2 to S5 Functionally

Cranial Outflow
Autonomic preganglionic fibers from cranial nerve nuclei III VII- IX- X in midbrain and medulla oblongata

Thoracolumber Outflow
Autonomic preganglionic fibers from T1 to L3

Sacral Outflow
Autonomic preganglionic fibers from S2 ,S3 & S4.

Autonomic Ganglia
In autonomic innervation there are preganglionic fibers that arise from CNS and postganglionic fibers that arise from autonomic ganglia Each preganglionic fiber relays only once through it may passes through several ganglia

Difference between preganglionic & postganglionic neurons

preganglionic Cell bodies Axons Site of axon synapse postganglionic Localized inside Outside CNS CNS Mostly mylienated Mostly unmylienated

On cell bodies of On visceral postganglionic effector neurons (A.G) outside CNS

Autonomic Ganglia
Definition Types Functions

Definition:
it is a collection of cell bodies outside the CNS Types: Lateral Sympathetic chain Collateral Celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric Terminal

Types of autonomic Ganglia

Lateral collateral terminal

Functions of autonomic ganglia

1- Distributing centers 2- Site of relay 3- Chemical transmitter

Sympathetic nervous system

The sympathetic nervous system has a thoracolumbar outflow (T1-L3) and the sympathetic connecting the spinal cord with different visceral effectors consists of 2 neurons, pre- and post ganglionic neurons.

Distribution of Sympathetic nervous system

OriginGanglion T1-T2 Superior cervical ganglion Organ Eye Function Dilator pupillae muscle Motor- dilation Superior and inferior tarsal Motor- retraction muscles Mullers Muscle Lacrimal gland Salivary Glands Skin Piloerector muscle Motor- protrusion VC- atrophic VC- Trophic Motor- erection

Sweat glands secretion Cutaneous blood vessels VC

Sympathetic Supply
OriginGanglion Organ Function Excitation Vasodilator to coronaries Bronchodilation Slight VC Inhibition of bronchial glands secretion

T1-T4 Heart Upper three cervical Ganglion Lungs + Upper four thoracic ganglia

Sympathetic Supply
Origin- Ganglion T5-T12+upper lumbar Organ Blood vessels Smooth musc. Sphincters Function VC Inhibitory Motor Glycogenolytic Retention of bile Motor to splenic capsule

Splanchnic nerve Liver Collateral ganglia Gall bladder Spleen

Adrenal medulla secretory

Sympathetic Supply
OriginGanglion Organ Function Retention of faeces Retention of urine Upper lumber Colon segments Urinary

bladder

VC Hypogastric Blood vessels ganglia Male sex Motor organs uterus variable

ejaculation of semen

Sympathetic Supply
Organ Origin Function Upper limbs T5-T9 -Blood vessels VC Middle , inf cervical -Sweat glands ganglia ,upper 2 thoracic Secretory -Erector pilae muscle Motor Lower limb T10-T12 -Blood vessels of skeletal L1-L2 muscles VD Lumber, sacral, -Increase muscle coccygeal glycogenolysis Thoracic , abdominal parities T1-T12 Upper lumber Corresponding ganglia

Orbelli Phenomenon
Better contraction, delayed fatigue and

early recovery of skeletal muscle after fatigue. Due to: 1- glycogenolysis 2- sensitivity of MEP to Ach 3- O2 consumption and heat production 4- vasodilatation

Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 10 October 2006 01:45 AM) 2005 Elsevier

Functions of sympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic tone Alarm or stress response (mass discharge)
In emergency the sympathetic system a) prepares the body for activity. b) its capacity and indurance for performing severe muscular efforts. c) there is mass discharge i.e. large portion discharge at the same time.

under the basal condition, the sympathetic system is continuously active & discharge impulses to the innervated organs. The basal rate of activity of sympathetic system is known as Sympathetic tone. Example: tonic discharge to arterioles.

Functions of sympathetic nervous system during stress (mass discharge)

1- Relaxes accomodation and dilates the pupil. 2- Increases all properties of the heart. 3- Dilates the bronchioles. 4- Constriction of skin blood vessels. 5- Shift of blood flow from skin & splanchnic areas to heart, CNS and skeletal muscles. 6- Increases glycogenolysis in the liver. 7- Elevates blood glucose & free fatty acid level.

8- Contraction of splenic capsule. 9- Increases the secretion of adrenaline & noradrenaline from the adrenal medulla. 10- Orbelli phenomema. 11- Increases mental activity. 12- Increases sweat secretion. 13- Reinforcing the alert, aroused state by stimulation of reticular formation by catecholamine.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

The parasympathetic nervous system has a craniosacral outflow

Cranial outflow
Origin Preganglionic fibers from cranial nerve nuclei III ,VII, IX, X

Sacral outflow

Relay

Terminal ganglia

Preganglionic fiber from 3 &4 sacral spinal segments Sometimes from 2 & 5 segments Terminal ganglia Pelvic viscera & external genitalia

Termination Postganglionic fibers supply head, thorax and abdomen

Distribution of Parasympathetic outflow

Nucleus EdingerWestphal Ganglion Ciliary gangion organ Function

Sphincter Motor pupillae M. Miosis Ciliary muscle Motor Accommodat ion to near vision

Distribution of Parasympathetic outflow

Nucleus Ganglion organ Function

Superior salivatory nucleus

Submaxillary , sublingual ganglia through chorda tympani

Submaxillary , Secretory + VD sublingual glands + ant 2/3 of tongue

Shenopalatine Lacrimal gland ganglion through greater superficial petrosal nerve Nasopharyngeal glands Soft palate

Distribution of Parasympathetic outflow

Nucleus Inferior salivatory nucleus Ganglion Otic ganglion organ Parotid gland Function Secretory+VD

Post 1/3 of tongue VD

Parasymathetic nervous system

Nucleus Dorsal motor nucleus Ganglion organ Function Terminal Heart Inhibition of all properties ganglia in VC of coronary vessels abdominal and thoracic Lungs Bronchoconstriction viscera Secretory GIT Motor to SM+ Inhibitory to sphincters Secretion of gastric juice Secretion of pancreatic juice Secretion of insulin

Distribution of Parasympathetic outflow

Nucleus S2-S3-S4 Ganglion Terminal ganglia organ Function Distal half of Motor to sm colon , rectum musc and inhibitory to Urinary bladder sphincters External genitalia BVs Secretory VD

Functions of Parasympathetic Nervous system

The parasympathetic nervous system prepares the body for recovery & repair . Its activity continues and even increase During sleep & rest.

Important Functions :
1- Pupillary constriction & accommodation. 2- Secretion of tears 3- Secretion of watery saliva 4- Decrease heart properties 5- Constriction of bronchioles 6- Stimulation of GIT secretion & peristalsis 7- Stimulation of emptying mechanism of the rectum and urinary bladder micturation & defecation. 8- Nerve of erection.

Comparison between sympathetic & parasympathetic systems

Sympathetic
Origin
Thoracolumber outflow (T1-L3)

Parasympathetic
Craniosacral outflow III, VII, IX, X S2,3,4

Pregangli- --Short, from spinal Long , from brain or onic fibers cord to sympathetic spinal cord to ganglia in chain. effector organ. -- Synaps & --Synaps & activates activates many few postganglionic postganglionic fibers. fibers.

Sympathetic
Ganglia

Parasympathetic
Terminal ganglia near or on the surface of effector organ.

a) Lateral

(paravertebral) ganglia forming sympathetic chains on both sides of They are separated spinal cord and unlinked. b) Collateral (prevertebral) ganglia lie between sympathetic chain& organ of supply

Sympathetic
Postganglionic fibers
Long, from sympathetic chain to the effector organ

Parasympathetic
Short, because ganglia are embedded in effector organ

Functionally -- catabolic -- Anabolic -- prepare the body -- Concerned with for vigorous muscle vegetative aspects of activity (fight & day to day living flight) -- action is localized --Action is wide and discrite spread

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Solitary - Smooth muscles of - Lacrimal glands innervation cutaneous blood vessels. - Pilomotor muscles - Sweat glands

Chemical transmission in the ANS

Transmission of nerve impulse at the synaptic junction.
In autonomic ganglia Between postganglionic neurons and

effector organs

Autonomic Fibers

Cholinergic

Adrenergic

Acetylcholine
Sites:

--All preganglionic endings --Postganglionic parasympathetic endings --Postganglionic sympathetic endings to sweat glands and bvs of sk muscles --Somatic nerve endings

Synthesis and fate of ACh

Fate of catecholamines
Active reuptake 50-80% Diffusion away from nerve ending. Oxidation by MAO at sites of release Methylation by COMT present in all

tissues

Cholinergic receptors
Nicotinic receptors Stimulated Small dose of by nicotine Acetylcholine sites Postg neurons in autonomic ganglia Adrenal medulla MEP Muscarinic receptors Muscarine Acetylcholine All effector stimulated by postg. parasymp. sweat gs , sk m (BVs) innervated by pg sympathetic

Adrenergic receptors
-receptors 1 2 1 adrenaline -receptors 2

Noradrenaline

Control of autonomic functions

Spinal cord Brain stem Higher centers

Medulla oblongata

pons

Mid brain

Hypothalamus

Cerebral cortex

Reticular formation

Limbic system