FIXED LINE TECHNOLOGY

Fixed line (or land phone or main line or Land-

line) refers to a telephone line which travels through a solid medium, either metal wire or optical fibre
The term landline is also used to describe a

connection between two or more points that consists of a dedicated physical cable, as opposed to an always-available private link that is actually implemented as a circuit in a wired switched system

HISTORY
Alexander Graham Bell was born on 3 March 1847.

He was born in Scotland, but he moved to America as an adult. He is known as the inventor of telephone Bell has a strong imagination and an inquiring mind and created his first invention when he was 15 years old He made a model of a skull and voice box and with a pairs of bellows blew air through this instrument, to produce human like sounds One of his ideas was that of sending sound along electric telegraph wires. Graham called this the harmonic telegraph By October 1875 Bell has designed the telephone and by March 1876 it was built. Bells telephone finally carried real articulate speech. Alexander Graham Bell demonstrated his telephone to Queen Victoria on January 14, 1878, at Osborne House of Wight

Telephone Exchanges
As more telephones were provided, it was

obviously necessary to allow interconnection to all other lines to the system and Telephone Exchange came into being
In 1912 the General Post Office (GPO)

took over most of the private telephone companies that had sprung up throughout the country
A network of lines between exchanges in

the larger cities grew. These were called TRUNKS or junction. Many of the Trunk Lines used Telegraph lines, some in the underground cables many on the overhead routes similar to the one shown below.
These followed the main roads of the time

ADVENT OF AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE EXCHANGES

In 1889 Alimon B. Strowger invented a Step-by-Step automatic

system and all early automatic exchanges were based on Strowgers principle. Using a dialing disc, which become known as a DIAL which was in use throughout the world until the advent of the keypad in the 1980s. By turning the dial, whose fingers holes are marked with the digits, the caller routes his connection through several switching stages, selecting the exchange, the group of lines, and finally the number he wants, at the same time switching on the current operating the bell and the ringing signals (tone) or the engaged tone Today, this system has been extended and developed that one can ring up, without human help, telephones most other countries and continents.

WORKING OF FIXED LINE

A switch to connect and

disconnect the phone from the network - This switch is generally called the hook switch. It connects when you lift the handset.
A speaker - This is generally a

little 50-cent, 8-ohm speaker of A microphone - In the past, telephone microphones have been as simple some sort.

as carbon granules compressed between two thin metal plates. Sound waves from your voice compress and decompress the granules, changing the resistance of the granules and modulating the current flowing through the microphone.

WORKING OF FIXED LINE

You can dial this simple

phone by rapidly tapping the hook switch -- all telephone switches still recognize "pulse dialing
A device called a duplex

coil or something functionally equivalent to block the sound of your own voice from reaching your ear. A modern telephone also includes a bell so it can ring and a touch-tone keypad and frequency generator. A "real" phone looks like

Telephones: Wires and Cables

The telephone network

starts in your house. A pair of copper wires runs from a box at the road to a box (often called an entrance bridge) at your house
From there, the pair of wires

is connected to each phone jack in your house

From the distribution Box it

goes to the C-D cabinet

FUNCTIONS OF EXCHANGE
Subscriber lines and trunks

connected to and from(both) some exchange. Pair of trunks towards different exchanges. Exchange of information with the external environment. Charging and billing. Controlling the operation of switching network

CELLULAR SYSTEM

Reliance was the first to introduce cellular system in the year 2000

Till date estimated users has raised to 201.29 million GSM operates in the range of 900 MHz Provides e-mail, pictures, games, music, internet security including text messaging Includes national and international roaming

TDMA

ISI54 standard specifies traffic on digital voice

channels initial implementation triples the calling capacity of AMPS systems capacity improvements of 6 to 15 times that of AMPS are possible many blocks of spectrum in 800 MHz and 1900 MHz are used

CDMA

is a digital air interface, claiming 8 to 15 times the

capacity of analog employs a commercial adaptation of military, spread spectrum and single side band technology every CDMA cell site can use the same 1.25 MHz band has soft capacity limit

First Generation technology

EVOLUTION was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979 it covered the areas of Tokyo over 20 million with 23 base stations TECHNOLOGY based on analog signaling and circuit switched technology uses multiple cell sites APPLICATION designed for voice and not for data designed for transferring call from one site to another

Second Generation Technology

EVOLUTION first implemented on 1991 operating in about 140 countries estimated about 248 million users TECHNOLOGY based on low band digital data signaling it is a combination of FDMA and TDMA uses a 25 MHz frequency spectrum in the 900 MHz band APPLICATION were digitally encrypted and provides high speed introduction of data services such as e-mail and SMS

Third Generation Technology

Fourth Generation Technology

EVOLUTION it is available to at least one provider in several parts of USA from 2009 TECHNOLOGY uses OFDM AND OFDMA TECHNOLOGIES bandwidth flexibility between 5 to 20 MHz LTE and Wi-Max also comes under the brand of 4G technology APPLICATIONS it may allow roaming with wireless local loop it may interact with digital video broad casting systems

Fifth Generation Technology

EVOLUTION yet to come TECHNOLOGY will use the router and switch technology will provide with 25 Mbps connectivity speed will provide bi-directional large bandwidth shaping APPLICATION offers high resolution for cell phone users traffic statistics makes it more accurate also supports virtual private network