Nervous Tissue

Controls and integrates all body activities within limits that maintain life Three basic functions

sensing changes with sensory receptors

fullness of stomach or sun on your face

interpreting and remembering those changes reacting to those changes with effectors

muscular contractions glandular secretions

17-1

Nervous Tissue

Found in brain, spinal cord and nerves Property

Ability to produce action potentials (electric signals) Nerve cells or neurons Neuroglia or support cells

Cells

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

11-2

Major Structures of the Nervous System

Brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses and sensory 17-3 receptors

Organization of the Nervous System

CNS is brain and spinal cord PNS is everything else

17-4

The Nervous System

Subdivisions

Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Sensory receptor

Receptor of sensory information Made up of a bundle of axons Collection of cell bodies of neurons Network of spinal nerves

Nerve

Ganglion

Plexus

11-5

Central Nervous System

Consists of

Brain

Located in cranial vault of skull

Located in vertebral canal

Spinal cord

Brain and spinal cord

Continuous with each other at foramen magnum

11-6

Fig. 14.1

Tract

Peripheral Nervous System

Two subcategories

Sensory or afferent Motor or efferent

Divisions Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system (ANS) Sympathetic (fight or flight) Parasympathetic (rest and digest)
11-7

Fig. 14.2

Components

Principle Cells: Neurons. Support Cells: Neuroglia: Metabolic/Structural. Astrocytes Microglia Oligodendrocytes Schwan Cells

Meninges

Connective tissue membranes surrounding spinal cord and brain

Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater Epidural: Anesthesia injected Subdural: Serous fluid Subarachnoid: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Spaces

Fig. 16.2

11-9

Histology

Outer Cortex (Gray Matter) & Inner White Matter-Folia Cortex Made of Three Layers: Outer Molecular (Few Neurons & Unmyeliated Nerve Fibers Inner Granular (Small Neurons with Long Axons That Synapse With Dendrites of Purkinje Neurons.

Neurons

Functional unit of nervous system Have capacity to produce action potentials electrical excitability Cell body single nucleus with prominent nucleolus Nissl bodies (chromatophilic substance) rough ER & free ribosomes for protein synthesis neurofilaments give cell shape and support microtubules move material inside cell lipofuscin pigment clumps (harmless aging) Cell processes = dendrites &

17-11

Neurons

Neurons: Large Cell Body Nucleus/Nucleolus (Perikaryon), Abundant Rough ER (Nissl Granules) Polar Cell AxonHillock/Dendrites. Based on Arrangements of Axons & Dendrites-Synapse: Mutlti-Polar Neuron: Major type Example Motor. Bipolar Neuron: Smell, Sight, Balance Uni/Pseudo-Polar: Sensory

Electron Microscopy
Light-Stained Purkinje Neurons

Parts of a Neuron
Neuroglial cells Nucleus with Nucleolus

Axons or Dendrites

17-14

Cell body

Dendrites

Conducts impulses towards the cell body Typically short, highly branched & unmyelinated Surfaces specialized for contact with other neurons Contains neurofibrils & Nissl bodies

17-15

Axons

Conduct impulses away from cell body Long, thin cylindrical process of cell Arises at axon hillock Impulses arise from initial segment (trigger zone) Side branches (collaterals) end in fine processes called axon terminals Swollen tips called 17-16 synaptic end bulbs

Structural Classification of Neurons

Based on number of processes found on cell body

multipolar = several dendrites & one axon

most common cell type found in retina, inner ear & olfactory

bipolar neurons = one main dendrite & one axon

unipolar neurons = one process only(develops from a bipolar) 17-17

Synapses

Neuroglia

1. 2. 3. 4.

Astrocytes. Oligodendrocytes. Microglia. Ependymal

Neuroglial Cells

Half of the volume of the CNS Smaller cells than neurons 50X more numerous Cells can divide

rapid mitosis in tumor formation (gliomas)

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia & ependymal schwann and satellite cells
17-20

4 cell types in CNS

2 cell types in PNS

Neuroglia of the central nervous system (CNS).

17-21

Astrocytes

Revealed by Heavy Metal Staining. Most Numerous in Gray Matter Less # in White Matter. Star shaped: Long branched processes. Some Processes terminate on BM of capillaries: Perivascular Feet. Perivascular Feet= Barrier= Glia Limitans. Metabolic Function Mediate exchange

Astrocytes

Star-shaped cells Form blood-brain barrier by covering blood capillaries Metabolize neurotransmitters Regulate K+ balance Provide structural support
17-23

Oligodendrocytes

Most common glial cell type Each forms myelin sheath around more than one axons in CNS Analogous to Schwann cells of PNS

17-25

Microglia

Small cells found near blood vessels Phagocytic role -- clear away dead cells Derived from cells that also gave rise to macrophages & monocytes
17-26

Ependymal cells

Form epithelial membrane lining cerebral cavities & central canal Produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

17-27

Microglia

Have Small irregular nucleus. Many Processes. Monocyte origin.

Ependymal

Epithelial cell Line surfaces of ventricles. Have Cilia & Microvilli. Do Not Rest on BM but branches base which penetrate underlying tissue..

Myelinated Nerves

Myelinated Nerves. Oligodendrocytes: CNS. One Oligo Can Myelinate Upto 50 Nerves Schwan Cell: PNS Many Schwan Cells Myelinate One Peripheral Nerve End of one Schwan Segment Node of Ranvier

Myelination Process

#68 Nerve bundle in transverse section

Epineurium

Perineurium

A Schwann cell myelinate one axon

A Schwann cell wraps around several unmyelinated axons

#71-2A

Motor end plate

Terminal bouton

Spinal Ganglia
Cell bodies Lie on posterior Nerve Root of Spinal Cord. Have Sensory Neurons (Unipolar). Widely Apart

Sympathetic Ganglia
Multipolar Type: Hence Many Dendrites Hence Widely Apart.