Satrio Herbirowo 3334090728 Metallurgical Department

Outline
Preface

Material Specification

Form Corrosion

Preventions

Conclusions

References

Preface
CORROSION ? INDOOR SWIMMING POOL?

Material Specification
Stainless steel has become a popular choice of material in swimming pools; it is an attractive, modern material whilst at the same time being hygienic, easily cleaned, good strength and highly corrosion resistant. Stainless Steels are iron-base alloys containing at least 10.5% Cr. With increasing chromium content and the presence or absence of some ten to fifteen other elements. Can be applied to the roof, frame, ladder, and gutter.

STEEL

Stainless Steel
Cr,Ni,Mn,Si,C

Applications

Composition
Stainless steels make up over 70% of total stainless steel production. They contain a maximum of 0.15% carbon, and sufficient nickel or manganese to retain an austenitic structure at all temperatures.

Austenite (FCC) is characterized as nonmagnetic, and it is usually relatively low in yield strength with high ductility, rapid work-hardening rates, and excellent toughness. Especially AISI type 304, the most common of the stainless grades.

Form Corrosion
Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)
AISI 304 stainless steel

Pitting Corrosion

Acid Corrosion

Intergranular Corrosion

A damaged film may not easily selfrepair including high levels of acidity and high concentrations of chlorides that can occur in swimming pool atmospheres.

Uniform Corrosion

Element in 304 stainless steel ceiling hook in internal stresses

Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)

Definition
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is a type of localised corrosion characterised by fine cracks which can propagate extremely. Room temperature SCC of stainless steels can be produced at very low pH and high chloride levels. Image below is a crack in the roof based on inspection.

Case Study

Mechanism

Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)

Definition
In 1985, the roof of an indoor pool in Switzerland completely collapsed, resulting in 12 deaths. The accident was caused by stress corrosion cracking in AISI 304 stainless steel bars supporting the roof.

Case Study

Mechanism

Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)

Definition

Case Study

Mechanism

The mechanisms crack propagation to be possible from chloride content poses the danger of pitting or crevice attack of stainless steels. SCC of stainless steels can occur at room temperature. This has been a particular problem for indoor swimming pools.

Factors
These factors increase chlorination and atmospheric moisture, making pool environment much more corrosive for all material. Cracking caused by the influence of tensile stress and corrosive medium specific. Causative factors:

Specific corrosive environments

Vulnerability of metal alloys Tensile stress

Preventions

Kind of Better Design

When designing with any metal in a pool environment, crevices should be avoided or sealed since they can be sites for accelerated corrosion. Care should also be taken to prevent direct contact between different metal to prevent galvanic corrosion. Type 316 stainless steel has been used for pool linings

Selection Stainless Steel Grade

Conclusions

Stainless steels remain good materials to choose for indoor swimming pool. Stress corrosion cracking is a hazard which can be avoided. Appropriate grades of steel must be used, and maintenance and inspection closely controlled.

Until the mechanism of attack are clarified, use type 304 stainless steel for stressed components exposed to indoor swimming pool cannot be recommended.

References
Lawrence J. Korb, Rockwell. 1987. ASM Handbook volume 13 of the

9th edition. ASM International Handbook Committee.

Stainless Steel in Swimming Pool Buildings (1995), Nickel Development

Institute (NIDI)
http://www.worldstainless.org/NR/rdonlyres/StainlessSteelinIndoor

SwimmingPoolsIndustryPositio.pdf
http://resource.npl.co.uk/docs/science_technology/materials/life_m

anagement_of_materials/publications/online_guides/pdf/indoor_swi mming_pool_buildings.pdf
http://www.imoa.info/_files/stainless_steel/Successful_Stainless_Sw

imming_Pool_Design.pdf

Revision
What is material used for the ladder in the indoor swimming pool ? Answer : Material used is 304 stainless steel