CHAPTER 5: CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS {DETERGENT}

Group Members: Malani Shubana Fatin Farhanah Nor Hazmaliza Hana Nazira

Teacher`s name: Cik. Liena Melanie

WHAT IS DETERGENT!
Synthetic

washing agents , known are non-soapy

cleansers. Made from hydrocarbons derived from petroleum. Petrochemical substances. They are sodium salts of sulphonic acid, an organic acid. 3 types, depending on their structure: (a) alkyl sulphate (b) linear alkyl benzene sulphate ( straight-chained) (c) branched alkyl benzene sulphonate

Detergent surfactants were developed in response to a shortage of animal and vegetable fats and oils during World War I and World War II. In addition, a substance that was resistant to hard water was needed to make cleaning more effective. At that time, petroleum was found to be a plentiful source for the manufacture of these surfactants. Today, detergent surfactants are made from a variety of petrochemicals (derived from petroleum) and/or oleochemicals (derived from fats and oils).

PREPARATION OF DETERGENT
During

the preparation of detergents, a long-chain hydrocarbon obtained from petroleum fractions is converted into an organic acid through series of steps. organic acid is then neutralised with sodium hydroxide solution to produce a neutral salt which is a detergent.

The

PREPARATION OF SODIUM ALKYL SULPHATE

Step

1: Formation of an organic acid A long-chain alcohol reacts with concentrated sulphuric acid to form alkyl sulphonic acid .
Step

2: Neutralisation The resulting acid is then converted to the sodium salt by a reaction with sodium hydroxide.

PREPARATION OF SODIUM ALKYLBENZENE

SULPHONATE

Step 1: Formation of an organic acid -A long-chain alkene reacts with benzene to form alkylbenzene. - The alkylbenzene formed is then reacted with concentrated sulphuric acid to form alkylbenzene sulphonic acid. Step 2: Neutralisation The alkylbenzene sulphonic acid is then converted to the sodium salt by a reaction with sodium hydroxide.

THE CLEANSING ACTION OF DETERGENT

The

cleansing action of both soap and detergent results from their ability to lower the surface tension of water, to emulsify oil or grease and to hold them in suspension in water. water, detergents dissolve to form detergent anions and sodium cations.

In

ADDITIVES IN DETERGENTS
Additives are added to : (a) Increase the cleansing effect (b) Make detergents more attractive and saleable. Only 20% is made up of the cleansing agent. The rest are additives: (a) Formative agent ( sodium tripolyphosphate) - softens hands water and increases the pH value. (b) Bleaching agent ( sodium perborate) - bleaches dirty patches without loss of colour through oxidation, unlike sodium hypochloric which cause loss of colour through chlorination.

(c) stabilizer to prevent bubbles in excess e.g. alkyl monoetanolonine. (d) Biological enzymes to remove blood and food stains e.g. lipase & peptidase (e) Fluorescent substance like blancophor R, to make cotton fabrics brighter. (f) Drying agents to ensure that the detergent remains dry e.g. sodium sulphate & sodium silicate. (g) Perfume to deodorise the clothes.

EFFECTIVENESS OF DETERGENTS AS CLEANSERS

Advantages Disadvantages

form bubbles with both soft and hard water. the negative ions react with Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions in hard water and do not form scum.

non-biodegradable- causes pollution of water.

Phosphate in detergents speeds up the growth of algae and weeds in water, which die and decompose , using up the oxygen supply in Detergents are synthetic cleansers. water . Aquatic life is endangered. The structure of hydrocarbon chains can be manipulated for Excessive bubbles prevent oxygen specific cleansing purpose. from entering water , thereby endangering aquatic life. Effective in acid rain.

THANK YOU!