mlneral lon and waLer upLake by means of branchlng and rooL halrs bsorpLlon of waLer Lhrough osmosls ls enhanced by havlng branched rooLs and rooL halrs 8ooL halrs provlde a |arge surface area for mlneral lon and waLer upLake ranchlng also lncreases quanLlLy and area rooLs can absorb lons from 922 LlsL ways ln whlch mlneral lons ln Lhe soll move Lo Lhe rooL 1 ulffuslon of mlneral lons 2 lungal hyphae (muLuallsm) 3 Mass flow of waLer ln Lhe soll carrylng lons n reallLy Lhe concenLraLlon of mlnerals ln Lhe soll ls low Lherefore Lhls ls noL a common meLhod Powever when ferLlllzer ls added Lo Lhe soll lL lncreases mlneral conLenL and Lherefore lncreases Lhe amounL of dlffuslon of mlnerals lnLo Lhe planL lungal hyphae are naLurally occurrlng ln Lhe soll 1hey form a muLuallsLlc symbloLlc relaLlonshlp wlLh Lhe planLs 1hey allow planLs Lo geL more nuLrlenLs from Lhe soll Mass flow ls Lhe Lheory by whlch we Lhlnk soluLe LransporL occurs ln planLs ny area where sucrose ls produced ln a planL ls known as a source and any area where lL ls Laken ouL (usually used ln resplraLlon) ls known as a sink 1he Lop of Lhe planL can be a slnk because LhaL ls Lhe area where lL ls acLlvely growlng 1hls process of mass flow ls also called phloem loadlng or LranslocaLlon McCraw Plll hloem Loadlng anlmaLlon hLLp//hlgheredmcgrawhlllcom/slLes/9834092339/sLudenL_vlew0/chapLer38/anlmaLlon__phloem_loadlnghLml ucrose ls acLlvely LransporLed lnLo Lhe sleve Lubes of Lhe phloem aL Lhe source lowerlng Lhe waLer poLenLlal lnslde Lhe sleve and so waLer enLers Lhe Lubes vla osmosls creaLlng a hlgher pressure lnslde Lhe sleve Lubes aL Lhe source L Lhe slnk sugars leave Lhe phloem Lo be used up lncreaslng Lhe waLer poLenLlal lnslde Lhe sleve Lubes so waLer leaves vla osmosls lowerlng Lhe pressure lnslde Lhe sleve Lubes 1he resulL ls a pressure gradlenL beLween source Lo slnk pushlng sugars Lo where Lheyre needed 923 Lxplaln Lhe process of mlneral lon absorpLlon from Lhe soll lnLo rooLs by acLlve LransporL mlneral lons move lnLo Lhe rooL vla acLlve LransporL (agalnsL Lhe concenLraLlon gradlenL) uslng membrane proLeln pumps 1hls creaLes an osmoLlc gradlenL whlch lncreases waLer absorpLlon 924 LaLe LhaL LerresLrlal planLs supporL Lhemselves by means of Lhlckened cellulose cell Lurgor and llgnlfled xylem ellulose ls a polysaccharlde found ln planL cell walls of Lhe supporLlng reglons of planLs L adds sLrengLh and supporL Lo Lhe cell wall L ls Lhe resulLlng pressure ln a planL LhaL ls exerLed on Lhe cell wall due Lo waLer sLored ln Lhe large cenLral vacuole 1urgor pressure decreases lf a planL drles or ls exposed Lo salLy condlLlons
Llgnln ls Lhe flber ln our food lL makes
vegeLables crunchy and flrm L ls a polymer found exLenslvely ln Lhe cell walls of all woody planLs consLlLuLlng one fourLh Lo oneLhlrd of Lhe LoLal dry welghL of Lrees 923 ueflne 1ransplraLlon use #s deflnlLlon! 1ransplraLlon ls Lhe loss of waLer vapour from Lhe leaves and sLems of planLs 926 Lxplaln how waLer ls carrled by Lhe LransplraLlon sLream lncludlng Lhe sLrucLure of xylem vessels LransplraLlon pull coheslon adheslon and evaporaLlon 1hls ls Lhe unlnLerrupLed passage of waLer from Lhe so|| Lo Lhe a|r ln planLs oll rooL halr xylem vessels leavesalr 1he waLer passes from Lhe soll Lo Lhe rooL by osmosls 1hls ls helped by Lhe rooL halrs# shape as Lhey are long and Lhln Lo maxlmlze Lhe surface area 1here ls greaLer waLer poLenLlal ln Lhe soll Lhan ln Lhe cyLoplasm of Lhe rooL halr cells 1he shape of waLer molecules causes Lhem Lo be aLLracLed Lo each oLher 1hls magneLlcllke force ls called cohes|on JaLer molecules also have Lhe Lendency Lo sLlck Lo oLher surfaces 1hls ls called adhes|on aslc lnformaLlon hLLp//hlgheredmcgrawhlllcom/slLes/9834092339/sLudenL_vlew0/chapLer38/anlmaLlon__waLer_upLakehLml hLLp//wwwyouLubecom/waLch?vu4rzLhz4PPk Plgher lnformaLlon hLLp//wwwsclencemagorg/sclexL/vls2003/show/LransplraLlonswf Process ExpIanation 1. Water moves down concentration gradient The spaces within the leaf have a high concentration of water vapor. Water moves from this location to the atmosphere which has a lower water concentration. 2. Water lost by transpiration is replaced by water from the vessels. Replacing water from the vessels maintains a high water vapor concentration in the air spaces of the leaf. 3. Vessel water column is maintained due to cohesion and adhesion. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds that form between water molecules and the sides of the vessels; it counteracts gravity. 4. Tension occurs in the columns of water in the xylem. This is due to the loss of water in the leaves and the replacement of it by xylem water. The columns remain continuous because of cohesion and adhesion. 5. Water is pulled from the root cortex into xylem cells. Cohesion and adhesion maintain the columns under the tension created by transpiration. 6. Water is pulled from the soil into the roots This is due to tension created by transpiration and the maintenance of a continuous column of water. Source: Heinemann Baccalaureate Biology Higher. New York: Heinemann nternational nc., 2007. 927 LaLe LhaL guard cells can regulaLe LransplraLlon by openlng and closlng sLomaLa 928 LaLe LhaL Lhe planL hormone absclslc acld causes Lhe closlng of Lhe sLomaLa 929 Lxplaln how Lhe abloLlc facLors llghL LemperaLure wlnd and humldlLy affecL Lhe raLe of LransplraLlon ln a Lyplcal LerresLrlal planL f you |ncrease th|s LlghL 1emperaLure Jlnd PumldlLy oll waLer arbon dloxlde @hen transp|rat|on f you |ncrease th|s LlghL 1emperaLure Jlnd PumldlLy oll waLer arbon dloxlde @hen transp|rat|on ncreases ncreases ncreases uecreases ncreases lncreases EnvironmentaI Factor Effect ight Plants open the stoma in the leaves in response to light to allow the diffusion of carbon dioxide into the plant. This increase transpiration due to the open stoma. Temperature As temperature rises the rate of evaporation rises increasing the amount of transpiration occurring. Wind Wind or air currents move humid air away from the leaves allowing a concentration gradient to be maintained so water will continue to diffuse out of the leaf. Humidity A decrease in humidity will increase transpiration because the water will evaporate into the drier air much faster. Soil water f the concentration of water is low in the soil the guard cells will close and transpiration will be decreased. Carbon Dioxide High concentration of CO 2 surrounding the leaves causes the guard cells to lose turgor and close the stoma. 9210 CuLllne four adapLaLlons of xerophyLes LhaL help Lo reduce LransplraLlon planL LhaL ls adapLed Lo dry condlLlons lor example cacLus and plne 1 1hlck waxy cuLlcle 2 Less Loma 3 Loma ln plLs 4 8olled Leaves 3 plnes (modlfled leaves) 6 M and 4 physlology 1hls a modlfled cycle LhaL allows Lhe sLomaLa Lo sLay closed durlng Lhe day and Lhen open aL nlghL Lo leL Lhe gases ln and ouL L nlghL C 2 ls Laken ln and sLored as CxoloaceLlc acld (4) uurlng Lhe day ln changes Lhls back Lo C 2 Lo use ln phoLosynLhesls 9211 CuLllne Lhe role of phloem ln acLlve LranslocaLlon of sugars (sucrose) and amlno aclds from source (phoLosynLheLlc Llssue and sLorage organs) Lo slnk (frulLs seeds rooLs) 8ecall LhaL phloem loadlng allows for movemenL of sugar Jhen Lhey reach Lhe slnk Lhey can be sLored 1 1ranslocaLlon moves Lhe organlc molecules (sugars amlno aclds) from Lhelr source Lhrough Lhe Lube sysLem of Lhe phloem Lo Lhe slnk hloem vessels sLlll have cross walls called sleve plaLes LhaL conLaln pores 2 ompanlon cells acLlvely load sucrose (soluble noL meLabollcally acLlve) lnLo Lhe phloem 3 JaLer follows Lhe hlgh soluLe ln Lhe phloem by osmosls poslLlve pressure poLenLlal develops movlng Lhe mass of phloem sap forward 4 1he sap musL cross Lhe sleve plaLe urrenL hypoLhesls do noL accounL for Lhls feaLure 3 1he phloem sLlll conLalns a small amounL of cyLoplasm along Lhe walls buL Lhe organelle conLenL ls greaLly reduced 6 ompanlon cells acLlvely unload (1 used) Lhe organlc molecules 7 Crganlc molecules are sLored (sucrose as sLarch lnsoluble) aL Lhe slnk JaLer ls released and recycled ln xylem -ow do 93 8eproducLlon ln anglospermophyLes