Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. 2. 3.
Introduction to Cells Chemical Foundations - Biochemistry Methods of Studying Cells a. Investigating Cells CELL BIOLOGY: b. Visualizing Biomolecules c. Visualizing Nucleic Acids COURSE OUTLINE 4. Genetic Mechanisms a. DNA and Chromosomes b. Anatomy of a Gene c. Replication, Transcription, Translation d. Regulating Gene Expression e. Genetic Techniques and Genomics - Biotechnology f. Molecular Basis of Inheritance - Genetics 5. Cell Signaling 6. Cell Membranes and Cell Architecture a. Plasma Membrane and Transport b. Organelles - Histology c. Cytoskeleton 7. Energetics Biochemistry 8. Cellular Traffic 9. Cell Birth, Lineage and Death 10. Molecular Basis of Cancer
GRADING SYSTEM
Quizzes/ Exams: 50% Seminar Presentation: 50% 1. A long exam will be given after each seminar topic, with a 60% cut-off for the passing grade. 2. Prelim, Midterm and Endterm exams will cover only the last topic covered for the period. 3. The PP lessons prepared by the instructor will be the basis of the scope of the content material for the seminar topics. The use of such materials is allowed for all presentors. 4. However, you are free to design the kind of presentations you will give your audience within 1-2 hours. The objective is they will understand the topic in accordance with the limits their intelligence genes would allow.
5. A copy of the presentation must be provided to the instructor at least 2 days before the scheduled event. 6. No appearance during the scheduled presentation will automatically result to a grade of 60 for the presentor. No excuses will be entertained. 7. Swapping of schedules is not allowed without previous notice. 8. For additional points, invite at least one faculty of the Dept. of Natural Sciences/or a person of authority to evaluate your presentation. She/ He may attend during the final presentation and/or submit a written evaluation of the presentation on or before the scheduled event. 9. Your presentation will be graded as follows: Comprehensiveness of content material 20% Mastery of topic 60% Audience impact- 10% Faculty Evaluation 10%
All organisms from simple bacteria to complex mammals probably evolved from a common, singlecelled progenitor. DNA and protein sequences were examined for assigning relationships, which agree with fossil records. Although prokaryotes, Archaea are more similar to eukaryotes than to Eubacteria, e.g., archaean and eukaryotic genomes encode homologous histone proteins, which associate with DNA; bacteria lack histones. RNA and protein components of Archaean ribosomes are more like those in eukaryotes than those in bacteria.
MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION
Intragenic mutation: an existing gene can be modified by mutations in its DNA sequence. Gene duplication: an existing gene can be duplicated so as to create a pair of closely related genes within a single cell. Segment shuffling: two or more existing genes can be broken and rejoined to make a hybrid gene consisting of DNA segments that originally belonged to separate genes. Horizontal transfer: a piece of DNA can be transferred from the genome of one cell to that of another.
Neurotransmitters
Hormones Monomers to polymers
3. Nucleic acids carry coded information for making proteins at the right time and place.
Step 1 : Transcription factors bind to the regulatory regions of the specific genes they control and activate them. Step 2 : Following assembly of a multiprotein initiation complex bound to the DNA, RNA polymerase begins transcription of an activated gene at a specific location, the start site. The polymerase moves along the DNA linking nucleotides into a singlestranded pre-mRNA transcript using one of the DNA strands as a template. Step 3: The transcript is processed to remove noncoding sequences. Step 4: In a eukaryotic cell, the mature messenger RNA (mRNA) moves to the cytoplasm, where it is bound by ribosomes that read its sequence and assemble a protein by chemically linking amino acids into a linear chain.
4. The genome is packaged into chromosomes and replicated during cell division.
A normal human has 23 pairs of morphologically distinct chromosomes; one member of each pair is inherited from the mother and the other member from the father. Chromosomes from the preparation on the left arranged in pairs in descending order of size, an array called a karyotype. The presence of X and Y chromosomes identifies the sex of the individual as male.
CELL FUNCTIONS
1. Cells build and degrade numerous molecules and structures.
ATP is formed from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) by photosynthesis in plants and by the breakdown of sugars and fats in most cells. The energy released by the splitting (hydrolysis) of Pi from ATP drives many cellular processes.
2. Cells can be powered by a variety of free energy sources a. Organotrophic - animals, fungi, and the bacteria that live in the human gut, get it by feeding on other living things or the organic chemicals they produce. These organisms could not exist without primary energy converters: b. Phototrophic - those that harvest the energy of sunlight Living organisms at a hot c. Lithotrophic - those that hydrothermal vent capture their energy from At temperatures up to about 150C, lithotrophic species of bacteria live, fuelled energy-rich systems of by geochemical energy. A little further away inorganic chemicals in the are the giant (2-m) tube worms, which live in symbiosis with huge numbers of environment symbiotic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria.
A cultured fibroblast in a fluorescence microscope reveals the location of filaments bound to a particular dye-antibody preparation. All three fiber systems contribute to the shape and movements of cells.
or other signaling molecule to its specific receptors can trigger an intracellular pathway that increases or decreases the activity of a preexisting protein. The hormonereceptor complexes activate transcription of specific target genes. Many signals that bind to receptors on the cell surface also act, by more complex pathways, to modulate gene expression.
During growth, eukaryotic cells continually progress through the four stages of the cell cycle, generating new daughter cells.
In animals, meiosis of diploid precursor cells forms gametes. The male parent produces two types of sperm and determines the sex of the zygote.
9. Metabolic proteins, the genetic code, and organelle structures are nearly universal.
(a) Hox genes serve to direct formation of the right structures in the right places. (b) Development of the large compound eyes in fruit flies requires a gene called eyeless. (c) Flies with inactivated eyeless genes lack eyes. (d) Normal human eyes require Pax6, that corresponds to eyeless. (e) People lacking adequate Pax6 function have the genetic disease aniridia, a lack of irises in the eyes. Pax6 and eyeless encode highly related proteins that regulate the activities of other genes, and are descended from the same ancestral gene.
http://www.learnerstv.com/animation/animation.php?ani=16 2&cat=biology
www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk/notebook/courses/guide/ www.cellbio.com www.expasy.org/ www.mcb.harvard.edu/BioLinks.html
www.molbiolcell.org/
www.whfreeman.com/lodish