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Subphylum Uniramia
Class Insecta 1. Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies) 2. Order Plecoptera (stoneflies) 3. Order Odonata (dragon/damselflies) 4. Order Trichoptera (caddisflies) 5. Order Megaloptera (alderflies) 6. Order Hemiptera (true bugs) 7. Order Coleoptera (beetles) 8. Order Neuroptera (net-winged) 9. Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies) 10. Order Diptera (flies and midges) 11. Order Collembola (spring tails)
2.Order Plecoptera
(stoneflies)
3.Order
Odonata (dragon/damselflies)
4.Order Trichoptera
(caddisflies)
7.Order Coleoptera
(beetles)
(net-winged
9.Order Lepidoptera
(Butterflies)
(flies and
There are more kinds of insects than there are all other animal species all together There are could be 300 million times as many insects as humans on earth. Insects have a body that is divided into 3 parts (head, thorax and abdomen
External Anatomy
Adult insects are known for having three major body regions, six legs, one pair of antennae and usually two pair of wings as adults.
head
thorax
abdomen
1) head: sensory perception, neural integration, food gathering. 2) Thorax: locomotion 3) Abdomen: houses visceral organs (digestive, excretory, reproductive systems)
Head
Important external features: 1) Antennae -- contain chemical, olfactory, tactile, and auditory receptors. Can also sense vibrations. 2) Compound eyes (vision/movement/color) and dorsal ocelli (light detection). Many insects perceive ultraviolet, blue-green and red wavelengths. 3) Specialized mouth parts food gathering, defense.
Head: Mouthparts
2 general types: 1) mandibulate: specialized for biting off and chewing food (most nymphs) 2) haustellate: specially adapted for piercing and sucking (e.g. mosquitoes and dipterans).
chewing
piercing/sucking
Insect mouthparts are also highly modified for the insect. Chewing, biting, or sucking, are a few examples. Mouthparts of an immature insect may differ from those of the same insect in its adult stage.
Antennae
beetle
butterfly
fly ant
termite
June beetle
Antennae are used by insects as major sensory devices, especially for smell, and can be adaptive for the insect in many ways.
Thorax
Composed of 3 segments: 1) anterior prothorax 2) middle mesothorax 3) posterior -- metathroax
Legs:
Abdomen
--Generally composed of 11 metameres --Each metamere composed of: dorsally sclerite (tergum) ventrally sclerite (sternum) laterally membranous (pleuron) --Genitalia located on 8-9 segment
midgut
hindgut
Circulatory System
Open circulatory system: a) Capillaries are absent. Blood flows through hemocoelic spaces (bathes internal organs) b) Insect blood is relatively clear and contains hemocytes (analogous to WBC/ white blood cell ).
Excretory System
--Malpighian tubules (2-150): distal ends free in hemocoel. -- Uric acid in hemolymph combines with potasium bicarbonate to form potassium acid urate. -- PAU taken up by Malpighian tubules, reabsorb Potassium bicarb. and excrete crystalline uric acid as a dry pellet.
Sistem pernapasan terdiri dari kantung udara dan tabung yang disebut tracheae. Udara masuk ke tabung melalui serangkaian bukaan yang disebut spirakel yang ditemukan sepanjang sisi tubuh. spirakel terbesar biasanya ditemukan pada otototot dada di mana lebih besar dari sayap dan kaki membutuhkan lebih banyak oksigen. spirakel tida tdp di kepala.
spiracles
tracheal tubes
Respiratory System
insects legs are all the same size. Some insects have one pair of legs larger than the other two pairs.
*A
grasshopper has one pair of legs larger than the other two pairs. These larger legs are used for jumping.
Longer back legs
* Insects eat a lot, so they grow very fast. As they grow, insects may molt and grow new exoskeletons, or they may change completely. * A huge change in appearance is called metamorphosis. * There are two kinds of metamorphosis: ______________ and ______________.
Life Cycles
The many diverse orders of insects have four different types of life cycles. These life cycles are called "metamorphosis" because of the changes of shape that the insects undergo during development.
egg
Without Metamorphosis
nymphs adult
Without meta
The first type is "without" metamorphosis which the wingless primitive orders such as silverfish (Thysanura) and springtails (Collembola) possess. The young resemble adults except for size.
Incomplete Metamorphosis
egg naiads adult
Incomplete meta
The second type is "incomplete" metamorphosis which is found among the aquatic insect orders such as mayflies (Ephemeroptera) and dragonflies (Odonata).
Gradual Metamorphosis
The third type is "gradual" metamorphosis seen in such orders as the grasshoppers (Orthoptera), termites (Isoptera), thrips (Thysanoptera), and true bugs (Hemiptera). This life cycle starts as an egg, but each growth, or nymphal stage looks similar, except it lacks wings and the reproductive capacity that the adult possesses. Gradual meta
egg
nymphs
adult
Complete Metamorphosis
The fourth type is "complete" metamorphosis found in butterflies (Lepidoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), flies (Diptera), and bees, wasps, and ants (Hymenoptera). This life cycle has the four stages of egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Each stage is quite distinct.
egg
larvae
pupa
adult
Metamorphosis
-Subclass Apterygota (ametamorphic) - Subclass Pterygota (2 jenis metamorfosis)
Exopterygotes - sayap eksternal berkembang pada tahap akhir nimfa - Mengalami metamorfosis sederhana atau tidak lengkap disebut hemimetabolous. - (mis. odonata, Hemiptera) Endoterygotes - sayap internal berkembang selama tahap larva) - m'alami metamorfosis lengkap disebut holometabolous. (mis. Coleoptera, trichoptera, Diptera)
Metamorphosis
1) Hemimetabolous life cycle: includes 3 developmental stages
egg, nymph and adult. Most larva (except Plecoptera) do not resemble adults.
Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies) Orthoptera (grasshoppers) Isoptera (termites) Dermaptera (earwigs) Psocoptera (booklice & barklice) Mallophaga (chewing lice) Anoplura (sucking lice) *Thysanoptera (thrips) Hemiptera (true bugs) Homoptera (cicadas, aphids, etc.)
2) Holometabolous life cycle: includes 4 developmental stages egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Larva do not resemble adults.
Coleoptera (beetles) Lepidoptera (butterflies & moths) Diptera (flies) Hymenoptera (ants, wasps, bees) Siphonaptera (fleas) Strepsiptera (twist-winged parasites) Mecoptera (scorpionflies) Tricoptera (caddisflies) Neuroptera (antlions, lacewings) *Thysanoptera (thrips)
3) Ametabolous life cycle A growth stage of certain insects characterized by an increase in size without distinct external changes.
Metamorphosis
* In complete metamorphosis, insects like butterflies and moths have 4 stages of development.
*
* During the second stage, the egg hatches and a larva comes out. * A caterpillar is the larva of an insect that will become a butterfly or a moth.
* In incomplete metamorphosis, young animals that look like the adult hatch from eggs.
* As the young animals grow, they keep molting, shedding their exoskeletons, and getting larger.
* Most
insects live alone. But, some insects are social and cannot survive alone. * These insects live in colonies or hives.
A colony is a group of insects living together. The insect do differents job and are very organized
*
Aquatic Insects
10 aquatic orders: 5 have larvae that are almost entirely aquatic Ephemeroptera Odonata Plecoptera Trichoptera Megaloptera 5 are partially aquatic Heteroptera Coleoptera Diptera Lepidoptera Neuroptera
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