WIRELESS ENERGY TRANSFER

INTRODUCTION

Energy can be described as the capacity of a system to do work . Wireless energy transfer or wireless energy trans- mission is the process that takes place in any system where electromagnetic energy is transmitted from a power source to any type of electrical load, without interconnecting wires.

METHODS

Different types of wireless energy transfer methods are 1 . Electrical conduction

2 . Electromagnetic radiation
3 . Electromagnetic induction 4 . Evanescent wave coupling

1.ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION

1.

2.

From experiments performed between 1888 and 1907 Nikola Tesla concluded that the earth is an excellent electrical conductor, and an electric current can be made to propagate undiminished for distances of thousands of miles . The theories proposed by Tesla are Coupling to the Ionosphere using propagation through electrified gases. Propagation as a result of Terrestrial Resonance

Coupling to the Ionosphere using propagation through electrified gases.

Air under a partial evacuated vacuum can conduct high current better than Copper wires. If transmitter is elevated to a level where air pressure is about 75 to 130mm & an excitation of Mega volts is applied, then the air will serve as a conductor for production of current. The current can also be transmitted through air.

Propagation as a result of Terrestrial Resonance

SCHUMANN CAVITY RESONANCE

Earth behaves like an electric circuit & atmosphere acts like a weak conductor. Resistance of the earth is negligible due to its immense cross sectional area and relative shortness as compared to its diameter. Electrical energy can be propagated around the world between the surface of the Earth and the ionosphere at extreme low
frequencies in what is known as the Schumann Cavity

The Schumann cavity surrounds the Earth between ground level and extends upward to a maximum 80 kilometers

Experiments to date have shown that electromagnetic waves of extreme low frequencies in the range of 8 Hz, the fundamental Schumann Resonance frequency, propagate with little attenuation around the planet within the Schumann Cavity. it should be possible to resonate and deliver power via the Schumann Cavity to any point on Earth. This will result in practical wireless transmission of electrical power.

HOW IT WORKS 1. Tesla first noticed the existence of stationary waves in the Schumann cavity 2. Schumann Resonance is analogous to pushing a pendulum. The intent of Project Tesla is to create pulses or electrical disturbances that would travel in all directions around the Earth in the thin membrane of non-conductive air between the ground and the ionosphere .

2. The pulses or waves would follow the surface of

the Earth in all directions expanding outward to the maximum circumference of the Earth and contracting inward until meeting at a point opposite to that of the transmitter. This point is called the anti-pode . 3. The traveling waves would be reflected back from the anti-pode to the transmitter to be reinforced and sent out again.

Although Tesla was not able to commercially market a system to transmit power around the globe, modern scientific theory and mathematical calculations support his contention that the wireless propagation of electrical power is possible

Practical Demonstration of Wireless Transmission

Has a full size,51feet diameter,air core,RF resonating coil which is the largest part of the system. 130feet tower,insulated 30feet above ground. The mast is topped by a metal sphere 30 inches in diameter. Xrays emitted from the tube will ionize the atmosphere between the Tesla coil and the tower A current of 1000 amp. & charge of 200-300 columb is present around the tower. The system has a capacity of over 600 kilowatts.

Discharging the tower 7-8 times per second through a fixed or rotary spark gap will create electrical disturbances, which will resonantly excite the Schumann Cavity, and propagate around the entire Earth. The propagated wave front will be reflected from the antipode back to the transmitter site. The reflected wave will be reinforced and again radiated when it returns to the transmitter. As a result, an oscillation will be established and maintained in the Schumann Cavity. The loss of power in the cavity has been estimated to be about 6% per round trip. The process will continue until the energy is removed by heating, lightning discharges, or as is proposed by this project, loading by tuned circuits at distant locations for power distribution.

2. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

Electromagnetic radiation in the form of either radio waves or light can also be used to transfer energy wirelessly But these systems based upon this method are used mostly for information transfer, a high degree of efficiency in power transmission is also achievable under certain circumstances. Efficient power transmission via radio waves can be achieved by using shorter wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, typically in the microwave range. A rectenna may be used to convert the microwave energy back into electricity . Conversion efficiencies exceeding 95%

have been achieved in this manner

In the case of light, power can be transmitted by converting electricity into a laser beam that is then fired at a solar cell receiver. This is generally known as power beaming.

DRAWBACKS OF RADIATION

Conversion to light, such as a laser, is usually very inefficient Conversion back into electricity is also typically very inefficient, with the absolute best modern solar cells achieving 40% efficiency. Atmospheric absorption causes losses. As with microwave beaming, this method requires a direct line of sight with the target. Since the loss in these cases is very high , hence it is not possible for the electrical energy to transfer in these ways.

3. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Inductance is an effect which results from the magnetic field that forms around a current carrying conductor. The transfer of energy takes place by electromagnetic coupling through a process known as induction Transformer is the simplest example of this type of energy transfer If a time-varying voltage is applied to the primary winding of turns, a current will flow in it producing a magnetomotive force (MMF) This MMF tries to drive magnetic flux through a magnetic circuit. It induces a back electro-motive force ( EMF ) in opposition to the applied voltage. In accordance with Faradays law of induction, the voltage induced across the primary winding is proportional to the rate of change of flux:

Due to mutual inductance this flux linked with the secondary coil due to which a voltage is induced in the secondary coil . The voltage at the primary & secondary coils are given by

The induced voltage is directly propertional to the no of turns in the primary & secondary coil. The other examples of this type of energy transfer are 1. ELECTRIC TOOTHBRUSH 2. SPLASH PADS 3.INDUCTION HEATER

ELECTRIC TOOTHBRUSH

SPLASHPOWER

Their system works through

electromagnetic induction,
adding a free positioning induction loop (at the "SplashPad") to the conventional fix induction loop at the wallplug (used to shift between AC and DC currents). Rechargeable devices equipped with a small SplashModule are placed upon a mousepad-sized SplashPad and have their batteries recharged at a normal rate.

INDUCTION COOKERS

His form of flameless cooking has an edge over conventional gas flame and electric cookers as it provides rapid heating,

vastly improved thermal efficiency, greater heat consistency .

Heat is generated in two ways: 1. Magnetic hysteresis. The rapidly oscillating magnetic field causes power in the magnetic field to be converted to heat in the ferromagnetic base of the pot due to hysteresis. The amount of heat produced is proportional to the area of the hysteresis loop. This is the primary source of heat. 2. Eddy currents. The magnetic field produces electric currents (known as eddy currents) in the metal base of the pot, and these cause resistive heating of the metal

Induction cookers are considerably more expensive than traditional cookers, but consume half as much electricity as electric cookers and are more efficient in heat transfer, achieving an absolute efficiency of 84% .

DRAWBACKS OF INDUCTION

The main drawback to induction, however, is the short range. The receiver must be in relatively close proximity to the transmitter (or induction unit) in order to inductively couple with it. For large distance a larger, stronger field could induce current from farther away, but the process would be extremely inefficient. Since a magnetic field spreads in all directions, making a larger one would waste a lot of energy.

4. EVANSCENT WAVE COUPLING

Researchers at MIT believe they have rediscovered a way to wirelessly transfer power using non-radiative electromagnetic energy resonant tunneling. By sending electromagnetic waves around in a highly angular waveguide, evanescent waves are produced which carry no energy .

A team led by Marin Soljacic with Aristeidis Karalis, and John Joannopoulos have outlined a relatively simple system that could deliver power wirelessly by harnessing the properties of resonance .

Every system has a frequency at which it naturally vibrates. This is its resonant frequency. It's easy to get objects to vibrate at their resonant frequency and difficult to get them to vibrate at other frequencies When you have two resonant objects of the same frequency they tend to couple very strongly . A 2D high- disk of radius r (shown in yellow) surrounded by air, along with the electric field of its resonant whispering-gallery mode superimposed (shown in red/white/blue in regions of positive/zero/negative field respectively).

WORKING PRINCIPLE

System of two same 2D high- disks of radius r (yellow) for medium-distance D coupling between them.

Typically, systems that use electromagnetic radiation, such as radio antennas, are not suitable for the efficient transfer of energy because they scatter energy in all directions, wasting large amounts of it into free space. To overcome this problem, the team investigated a special class of "non-radiative" objects with so-called "long-lived resonances".

The theory uses a curved coil of wire as an inductor. A capacitance plate, which can hold a charge, attaches to each end of the coil. As electricity travels through this coil, the coil begins to resonate. Its resonant frequency is a product of the inductance of the coil and the capacitance of the plates. When energy is applied to these objects it remains bound to them, rather than escaping to space. "Tails" of energy, which can be many metres long, flicker over the surface. "If you bring another resonant object with the same frequency close enough to these tails then it turns out that streams of energy can tunnel from one object to another," said Professor Soljacic.

According to the theory, one coil can even send electricity to several receiving coils, as long as they all resonate at the same frequency. The researchers have named this non-radiative energy transfer since it involves stationary fields around the coils rather than fields that spread in all directions. The systems that the team have described would be able to transfer energy over three to five metres.

ADVANTAGES OF WIRELESS ENERGY TRANSFER

The resistance of the wire used in the electrical grid distribution system causes a loss of 26-30% of the energy generated. This loss implies that our present system of electrical distribution is only 70-74% efficient. It would reduce pollution and expenses resulting from the need to generate power to overcome and compensate for losses in the present grid system. To make the system more efficient about 90-94% To eliminate inefficient & costly cables, towers & substations

To import & export electrical power internationally . The greatest amount of power used, the peak demand, is during the day. The extra power available during the night could be sold to the side of the planet where it is day time

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