LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of this section, students should be

able to :
Find the lower limit, M
L
and upper limit, M
U
by
using table A.1 for small sample size and using
the formula for large sample size and find the
confidence interval that the population median
lies on.
TWO METHODS FOR
CONSTRUCTING INTERVAL ESTIMATES
OF AN UNKNOWN POPULATION

1. Based on sign test.
2. Based on Wilcoxon test.

Thompson and Savur describe this procedure.
David gives the mathematical derivation of the interval.
Hollander and Wolfe give the approximation of large
sample.

SMALL SAMPLE SIZE
1. Arrange the order of data given according to the values.
2. Find the cumulatives probabilities from Table A.1 or build your
own table.
3. Find K.
4. Calculate both confidence interval by using 100(1-2)%.
5. Determine the (K+1)
th
value in the ordered array as M
L
and
(n-K)
th
value in the ordered array as M
U
.
6. Make the conclusion.


LARGE SAMPLE APPROXIMATION

1. Arrange the order of data given according to the values.
2. Find K+1 by using :


3. Determine the (K+1)
th
value in the ordered array as M
L
and
(n-K)
th
value in the ordered array as M
U
.
4. Make the conclusion.
4 2
) 1 ' (
2
n
z
n
K
o

|
.
|

\
|
~ +
12 > n
EXAMPLE 1
(SMALL SAMPLE)
Question
In a study of side effects of drug, reported the data
shown in table below. Let us construct a 95%
confidence interval for the median of the population
from which these sample data have been drawn.
Percentage of patients who experienced side
effects from a drug used to lower a persons
cholesterol level.



4.0 3.0 7.0 5.4 3.8 7.3 10.0 7.0 2.6 1.8
SOLUTION
Step 1
Arrange the data in ordered array.


Step 2
Determine the amount of sample.


Small sample size

1.8 2.6 3.0 3.8 4.0 5.4 7.0 7.3 7.5 10.0
12 < n
10 = n
Step 3




When we refer to the question, we want to
construct a 95% confidence interval. Thus, we need
to find the value of K as observation value.

Value of K will be refer by cumulative of
probability in Table A.1 as below;


95% 2.5%
2.5%
K
K
K
Probabilities
(from table A.1)
Cumulative Probabilities
0 0.0010 0.0010
1 0.0098 0.0108
2 0.0439 0.0547
3 0.1172
4 0.2051
5 0.2461
6 0.2051
7 0.1172
8 0.0439 0.0547
9 0.0098 0.0108
10 0.0010 0.0010
0547 . 0 ) 50 . 0 , 10 2 (
0108 . 0 ) 50 . 0 , 10 1 (
= s
= s
K P
K P
TABLE 1
Now, we choose K=1 and K=2 as observation value. This is
because we need to construct the first case and the second case.

Step 4
First case: The wider interval and the higher confidence.
Let, K=1
When K=1 cumulative probability is 0.0108.
Thus, 100[1-2(0.0108)]= 97.84% of confidence interval.
The amount of cumulative probability should be less than 0.05 as
significant value because of the chosen interval is wider and
higher of confidence.
Step 5
Second case: The narrower interval and lower
confidence.

Let, K=2
When K= 2 cumulative probability is 0.0547.
Thus, 100[1-2(0.0547)]=89.06% of confidence
interval.
The amount of cumulative probability should be
more than 0.05 as significant value because of the
chosen interval is narrower and lower of confidence
interval.
K
Probabilities
(from table A.1)
Cumulative Probabilities
0 0.0010 0.0010
1 0.0098 0.0108
2 0.0439 0.0547
3 0.1172
4 0.2051
5 0.2461
6 0.2051
7 0.1172
8 0.0439 0.0547
9 0.0098 0.0108
10 0.0010 0.0010
0547 . 0 ) 50 . 0 , 10 2 (
0108 . 0 ) 50 . 0 , 10 1 (
= s
= s
K P
K P
Step 6
Therefore, for the first and second case, we will
find the upper and lower limit as well.

Case 1:
K=1, K+1=2
Thus, the observation is second observation
from each end of the ordered array yields as
table below.
Rank Values
1 1.8
2 2.6
3 3.0
4 3.8
5 4.0
6 5.4
7 7.0
8 7.3
9 7.5
10 10.0
2
nd
observation
Rank of lower
limit
2
nd
observation
Rank of upper
limit
Thus, we can say that we are 97.84 % confident
that the population median is between 2.6 and 7.5

Case 2:
K=2, K+1=3
Thus, the observation is third observation from
each end of the ordered array yields as table below.

Rank Value
1 1.8
2 2.6
3 3.0
4 3.8
5 4.0
6 5.4
7 7.0
8 7.3
9 7.5
10 10.0
3
th
observation
Rank of lower
limit
3
th
observation
Rank of upper
limit
Thus, we can say that we are 89.06%
confident that the population median is between
3.0 and 7.3

EXAMPLE 2
(LARGE SAMPLE)
QUESTION
Agnow et(E8)*, in study of sleep patterns, reported the data
shown below. Let us construct a 95% confidence interval for
the median of the population from which these sample
data have been drown.
Percentage of total sleep time in stage 0 sleep
by 16 months mentally and physically healthy males
between ages of 50 and 60



*E8 refer to Stitt, John T., James D.Hardy, and Ethan R. Nadel, Surface Area of the Squirrel Monkey in Relation to Body
Weigth, J. Appl. Physiol., 31 (1971), 140-141.

1.90 3.08 9.10 3.53 1.99 3.10 10.16 0.69
1.74 2.41 4.01 3.71 8.11 8.23 0.07 3.07
SOLUTION
Step 1
Arrange the data in ordered array


Step 2
Determine the amount of sample.
n=16
In this case n>12 which is large sample of
Approximation.
Formula of Large Sample Approximation



4
) 2 / ( ) 1 ' (
2
n
z n K
o
~ +
0.07 0.69 1.74 1.90 1.99 2.41 3.07 3.08
3.10 3.53 3.71 8.11 8.23 8.23 9.10 10.16
Step 3




Now, we count the fourth observation from each
end of the ordered array.






4
4
16
96 . 1 ) 2 / 16 ( ) 1 ' ( ~ ~ + K
96 . 1
2
05 . 0
2
= = z z
o
Rank Values
1 0.07
2 0.69
3 1.74
4 1.90
5 1.99
6 2.41
7 3.07
8 3.08
9 3.10
10 3.53
11 3.71
12 4.01
13 8.11
14 8.23
15 9.10
16 10.16
4
th
observation
Rank of lower
limit
4
th
observation
Rank of upper
limit
Conclusion
Counting to the fourth observation from each end of the ordered array
yields M
L
= 1.90 and M
U
=8.11

Hence, one can be 95% confident that the population median is
between 1.90 and 8.11
EXERCISE
QUESTION 1
A meteorologist study the number of death per years from
tornadoes in the United States. The number of death for a
sample of 11 years is shown. Construct the possible confidence
interval for 95% confidence interval for the population median.
DEATH DUE TO SEVERE WEATHER
53 39 39 67 69 40
25 33 30 130 94
Answer:
1. Confidence Interval is 93.44%, that the population median is between 33
and 69
2. Confidence Interval is 98.82%, that the population median is between 30
and 94
QUESTION 2
A game commissioner study the number of hunting in counties
in Western Pennsylvania. A sample of counties is selected and
the number of hunting accident are shown. Construct the
possible confidence interval for 95% confidence interval for the
population median.
HUNTING ACCIDENTS IN COUNTIES IN WESTERN
PENNSYLVANIA
10 11 9 13 17
21 11 17 8 15
Answer:
1. Confidence Interval is 97.84% that the population median is between 9 and 17
2. Confidence Interval is 89.06% that the population median is between 10 and 17
QUESTION 3
Abu-Ayyash (E10) found that the median education of heads of
household living in mobile homes in a certain area was 11.6 years.
Suppose that a similar survey conducted in another revealed the
educational level of heads of household shown in Table 2.11. Find
the point estimate, and construct 95% confidence interval for
population median.
Educational level (years of school completed) of heads
of house residing in mobile homes
13 6 6 12 12 10 9 11
14 8 7 16 15 8 7
Answer: One can be 95% confident that the population median is between 7 and 13
WEBSITE FOR APPLIED
NONPARAMETRIC STATISTIC
Please refer the solution for the exercise by using this
link
http://appliednonparametricstatistic.blogspot.com/
EXAMPL E 1
LINK TO THE VIDEO
http://youtu.be/C4ZvkSWE25M