Wireless Sensor Network

Prabhakar Dhekne Bhabha Atomic Research Centre

August 24, 2006 Talk at SASTRA 1

Why Talk About Wireless?

Wireless communication is not a new technology but cell phones have brought revolution in wireless communication Wireless Technology has changed the way Organizations & individuals work & live today In less than 10 years

World has moved from fixed to wireless networks Allowing people, mobile devices & computers talk to each other, connect without a cable Only available option for field data acquisition Using radio-waves, sometimes light Frees user from many constrains of traditional computer & phone system

Interconnectivity with multiple devices

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Ubiquitous Computing

Future State of Computing Technology?

Mobile, many computers Small Processors Low Power Consumption Relatively Low Cost

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Ubiquitous Computing

Small, mobile, inexpensive computers..everywhere! Fade into the background of everyday life Computers everywhere provides potential for data collection.sensors!

Temperature Light Sound Motion Pressure Many others!!!

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Growth in Wireless Systems

Rapid growth in cellular voice services

Cell phones everywhere! Several wireless technology options have been available for the last ~10-20 yrs mini cell stations using existing standards like CDMA or GSM wireless PABX using PCS standards such as DECT or PHS/PACS satellite and microwave backhaul Above solutions OK for voice & low-speed data, but do not meet emerging needs for broadband access and mobile data

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Mobile Computing

Identify/develop mobile computing solutions and effector systems integrated with existing wireless infrastructure Improve health care via enhanced training and more effective decision making To maximize the amount of medical data available for health surveillance

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Mobile Healthcare Technologies

Mobile Healthcare can be regarded as the integration of technologies of medical sensors, mobile computing, and wireless communications into a system of medical assistance.

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Application Examples

Monitoring of patients vital signs

Diabetes Asthma Hypertension ECG

Predictive usage in order to minimize the needs for medication Improving the quality of life

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Potential Benefits

Increasing the physician productivity and efficiency. Wireless sensors enable the patients freedom of movements and therefore promote new ways of monitoring the patient. Providing clinicians remote access to patients information eliminates the need to manually locate and search through patients data. Enabling telemonitoring in emergency scenarios and making remote diagnosis possible.
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Mobile Healthcare
The provision of Real Time patient care.

No matter where the clinician is No matter where the patient is To apply physiological and medical knowledge, advanced diagnostics, simulations, and effector systems integrated with information and telecommunications for the purposes of enhancing operational and medical decision-making, improving medical training, and delivering medical treatment across all barriers

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Typical Demo System

The patient is provided with a wearable wireless sensor. The signal from the sensor is captured in a Node situated in a mobile phone. The system allows ubiquitous access to patients data and medical information in real-time via the mobile phone. The medical data is stored & processed in a server, and can be used for establishing diagnostics and treatments.
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Application server

Application server centralises the received data and presents it to the user as:

Raw data Formatted as graphs

App Server

DB
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Wireless Technology

Emerging mainstream wireless technologies provide powerful building blocks for next-generation applications WLAN (IEEE 802.11 WiFi) hot-spots for broadband access, Bluetooth PDAs and laptops with integrated WLANs Broadband Wireless access technology- MAN (Alternative to DSL) IEEE 802.16 10-30 Km 40 Mbps WiMax Wide area wireless data also growing SMS, GPRS, Edge, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (2.4 Mbps data optimized) Variety of interesting devices (e.g. Treo, Sidekick)

Networking of embedded devices

Smart spaces, sensor networks (IEEE 802.15.4a- ZigBee) Context-aware mobile data services and web caching for information services Wireless sensor nets for monitoring and control VOIP for integrated voice services over wireless data networks
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IrDA: P2P wireless

Infra-red Data Association

Based on Half Duplex Point-to-Point concept Frequency below the red end of spectrum making it invisible Eliminate the need for cables Clear line-of-sight Short-range (few meters) Simplest, most prevailing wireless standard No fixed speed 9.6 Kbps, 4Mbps Discovery Mode to find out data rate, size Token based transmission IrDA ports on PDA, Laptops USB sticks Remote Control in TV, VCR, Air-conditioner

Port costs less than Rs. 1000

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Bluetooth: Wireless PAN

Bluetooth (Named after Danish King Harold Bluetooth)

Based on Master-Slave concept Short-range (10 meters) Eliminate the need for cables Operates in 2.4 GHz ISM band 720 Kbps Three modes of operation park/hold/sniff Piconet & Scatternet (master+7 slaves) Interference due to multiple piconets and IEEE 802.15.1 home/person LAN To eliminate interference frequency hoping technique used Ominidirectional with both voice & data

M1 S1 S1 M 1/S1

S2 S2

Piconet 1

Piconet 2

Port costs about Rs. 2000

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Wi-Fi: Wireless LAN (Hot Spot)

Wireless Fidelity based LAN

Most popular on Laptops Replacement to wired LAN Connectivity on the move Short-range (100 meters) Ad Hoc and Base station mode Security provided at physical layer Operates in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz Collection of IEEE standards 802.11a/b/g 11 Mpbs & 54 Mbps Low range, requires more power hence not suitable for PDAs Difficult to control access & security Set up is expensive

Ad Hoc Net

Access Point Net

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Wi-Max: Wireless MAN

Wireless Max
High Speed 40-70 Mbps Mid-range (30 Kmeters) Eliminate the need for cables Saving of wired cost Operates in 2.4 GHz ISM band IEEE standard 802.16

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Issues in Wireless Networking

Infrastructured networks

Handoff location management (mobile IP) channel assignment

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Issues in Wireless Networking Infrastructureless networks

Wireless MAC Security (integrity, authentication, confidentiality) Ad Hoc Routing Protocols Multicasting and Broadcasting
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Indoor Environments

Three popular technologies

- High Speed Wireless LANs

higher)

(802.11b

(2.4GHz, 11 Mbps), 802.11a (5GHz, 54 Mbps &

- Wireless Personal area Networks PANs (IEEE

804.14) HomeRF Bluetooth, 802.15
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- Wireless device networks

Talk at SASTRA Sensor networks, wirelessly networked robots 20

What is an Ad hoc Network

Collection of mobile wireless nodes forming a network without the aid of any infrastructure or centralized administration Nodes have limited transmission range Nodes act as a routers

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Ad Hoc Networks

Disaster recovery Battlefield Smart office

Rapidly deployable infrastructure

Wireless: cabling impractical Ad-Hoc: no advance planning

Network of access devices

Wireless: untethered Ad-hoc: random deployment

Backbone network: wireless IP routers

Edge network: Sensor networks, Personal Area Networks (PANs), etc.

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Ad Hoc Network

Characteristics

Dynamic topologies Limited channel bandwidth Variable capacity links Energy-constrained operation Limited physical security Military battlefield networks Personal Area Networks (PAN) Disaster and rescue operation Peer to peer networks
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Applications

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Security Challenges in Ad Hoc Networks

Lack of Infrastructure or centralized control

Key management becomes difficult Challenging to design sophisticated & secure routing protocols Difficult to prevent eavesdropping Non-cooperation of nodes Captured or Compromised
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Dynamic topology

Communication through Radio Waves

Vulnerabilities of routing mechanism

Vulnerabilities of nodes

Security

Challenges in ad hoc network security

The nodes are constantly mobile The protocols implemented are co-operative in nature There is a lack of a fixed infrastructure to collect audit data No clear distinction between normalcy and anomaly in ad hoc networks A mechanism that satisfies security attributes like authentication, confidentiality, non-repudiation and integrity Robust key certification and key distribution mechanism

Secure the Routing Mechanism

Secure the Key Management Scheme

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Services while on move

Sensor services exercise monitor biometrics traffic information

services
Calendar+ service Integrate dynamic traffic & schedule Doctor prescription service track health indicators Doctor write prescription

Sensors

mobile devices

Follow me kiosk service receive and transmit messages Fridge & shopping service Fridge records stock Suggests shopping based on recipe Shopping guide in store

Scalable, reliable, consistent, distributed service

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Tourist guide

Stuttgart tourist guide

Like MapQuest except on mobile device Museums historical sites Shopping & restaurants Sample Data Small text with description, operating hours Local map
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Mapping local interests

How it works

Info station

Island of wireless station Embedded in area Users have cheap low bandwidth components Integrated to network with high quality connection Requires some overlap to manage transition between stations for hand off Each center contains unique information Overhead of communication
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Scaleable by load balancing

Initialize externally specified; adjusts quickly

Map-on-the-move

Provide appropriate map County resolution driving in car Info stations small area high bandwidth Remainder lower bandwidth

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Problems in a Mobile Environment

Variable Bandwidth Disconnected Operation Limited Power Implications on distributed file system support?

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Constraints in mobile computing

PDA vs. Laptop vs. cell phones Cellular modem connection: Failure prone Space: office vs. city vs. county Not continuous connectivity required Data such as pictures text files not streaming audio and video Heterogeneous devices
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MANET: Mobile Ad hoc Networks

A collection of wireless mobile nodes dynamically forming a network without any existing infrastructure and the relative position dictate communication links (dynamically changing).

From DARPA Website

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Rapidly Deployable Networks

Failure of communication networks is a critical problem faced by first responders at a disaster site

major switches and routers serving the region often damaged cellular cell towers may survive, but suffer from traffic overload and dependence on (damaged) wired infrastructure for backhaul

In addition, existing networks even if they survive may not be optimized for services needed at site

significant increase in mobile phone traffic needs to be served first responders need access to data services (email, www,...) new requirements for peer-to-peer communication, sensor net or robotic control at the site

Motivates need for rapidly deployable networks that meet both the above needs -> recent advances in wireless technology
can be harnessed to provide significant new capabilities
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Infostations Prototype: System for Rapid Deployment Applications

Outdoor Infostations with radio backhaul

for first responders to set up wireless communications infrastructure at a disaster site provides WLAN services and access to cached data wireless backhaul link includes data cache high-speed short-range radios 802.11 MAC enhancements content caching algorithm & software hardware integration including solar panels, antennas and WINLABs Outdoor Infostations Prototype (2002) embedded computing device with August 24, 2006 Talk at SASTRA WLAN card

Project for development of:

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Ad-Hoc Wireless Network

A flexible, open-architecture ad-hoc WLAN and sensor network testbed ... open-source Linux routers, APs and terminals (commercial hardware) Linux and embedded OS forwarding and sensor nodes (custom) radio link and global network monitoring/visualization tools prototype ad-hoc discovery and routing protocols
802.11b PDA Radio Monitor Forwarding Node/AP (custom) 802.11b Linux PC

Management stations

AP

Compute & storage servers

Commercial 802.11 Router network with arbitrary topology Sensor Node (custom)

August 24, 2006

P C

PC-based Linux router

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What is a WSN?
Sensor: The device Observer: The end user/computer

Phenomenon: The entity of interest to the observer

A network that is formed when a set of small sensor devices that are deployed in an ad hoc fashion no predefined routes, cooperate for sensing a physical phenomenon. A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of base stations and a number of wireless sensors. Is simple, tiny, inexpensive, and battery-powered
August 24, 2006 Talk at SASTRA 36

Why Wireless Sensors Now?

Moores Law is making sufficient CPU performance available with low power requirements in a small size. Research in Materials Science has resulted in novel sensing materials for many Chemical, Biological, and Physical sensing tasks. Transceivers for wireless devices are becoming smaller, less expensive, and less power hungry (low power tiny Radio Chips). Power source improvements in batteries, as well as passive power sources such as solar or vibration energy, are expanding application options.
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Typical Sensor Node Features

A sensor node has: Sensing Material

Physical Magnetic, Light, Sound Chemical CO, Chemical Weapons Biological Bacteria, Viruses, Proteins A-to-D converter from sensor to circuitry

Integrated Circuitry (VLSI)

Packaging for environmental safety Power Supply

Passive Solar, Vibration Active Battery power, RF Inductance

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Sensor Node Hardware

Sensor + Actuator + ADC + Microprocessor + Powering Unit + Communication Unit (RF Transceiver) + GPS
Transceiver
128Kb -1Mb Limited Storage 1Kbps - 1Mbps 3m-300m Lossy Transmission

Memory

Embedded Processor

8 bit, 10 MHz Slow Computation

Requires Supervision Multiple sensors

Sensor Battery
Limited Lifetime

Portable and self-sustained (power, communication, intelligence). Capable of embedded complex data processing.
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Sensors and Wireless Radio

Types of sensors: -Pressure, -Temperature -Light -Biological -Chemical -Strain, fatigue -Tilt Capable to survive harsh environments (heat, humidity, corrosion, pollution etc). No source of interference to systems being monitored and/or surrounding systems. Could be deployed in large numbers.
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Wireless Sensor Networks

ZigBee Wireless Communication Protocol

Based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard Small form factor Relatively Inexpensive Low Power Consumption Low Data Rate of Communication Self Organising, Self-Healingmultihop nodes Integrated Sensors Ideal for Wireless Sensor Network Applications
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August 24, 2006

WSN APPLICATIONS

Potential for new intelligent applications:

Smart Homes Process monitoring and control Security/Surveillance Environmental Monitoring Construction Medical/Healthcare

Implemented with Wireless Sensor Networks!

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Medical and Healthcare Appln

Remote Databases

Net Switch

Backbone Backbone Network Network

In Hospital Physician

Net Switch

Wireless Remote consultation Possibility for Remote consulting (including Audio Visual communication)
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Medical and Healthcare Applications

Sensors equipped with BlueTooth

August 24, 2006

Source: Talk at SASTRA USC Web Site

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iBadge - UCLA

Investigate behavior of children/patient Features:

Speech recording / replaying Position detection Direction detection / estimation (compass) Weather data: Temperature, Humidity, Pressure, Light

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Other Examples

MIT d'Arbeloff Lab The ring sensor

Monitors the physiological status of the wearer and transmits the information to the medical professional over the Internet Nose-on-a-chip is a MEMS-based sensor It can detect 400 species of gases and transmit a signal indicating the level to a central control station

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

VERICHIP: Miniaturised, Implanted, Identification Technology

August 24, 2006 Talk at SASTRA 46

Structural Health Monitoring

Accelerometerboardprototype, RuizSandoval,Nagayama&Spencer, CivilE.,U.IllinoisUrbanaChampaign

Modelbridgewithattachedwirelesssensors, B.F.SpencersLab,CivilE.,U.IllinoisUC
August 24, 2006

SemiactiveHydraulicDamper (SHD),KajimaCorporation,Japan
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Application in Environment Monitoring

Measuring pollutant concentration Pass on information to monitoring station Predict current location of pollutant volume based on various parameters Take corrective action
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Pollutants monitored by sensors in the river

ST

Sensors report to the base monitoring station

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Vehicular Traffic Control

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Project at The University of California, Davis

US FCC allocated 5.850 to 5.925 GHz dedicated short range communication (DSRC) Road side to Vehicle Vehicle to vehicle communication

VMesh: Distributed Data Sensing, Relaying, & Co Networks2006 August 24, Talk at SASTRA 51

Network characteristics of WSN

Generally, the network:

Consists of a large number of sensors (103 to 106) Spread over large geographical region (radius = 1 to 103 km) Spaced out in 1, 2, or 3 dimensions Is self-organizing Uses wireless media May use intermediate collators

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Sensor Network Topology

Hundreds of nodes require careful handling of topology maintenance. Predeployment and deployment phase Numerous ways to deploy the sensors (mass, individual placement, dropping from plane..) Postdeployment phase Factors are sensor nodes position change, reachability due to jamming, noise, obstacles etc, available energy, malfunctioning, theft, sabotage Redeployment of additional nodes phase Redeployment because of malfunctioning of units
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Organization into Ad Hoc Net

Individual sensors are quite limited. Full potential is realized only by using a large number of sensors. Sensors are then organized into an ad hoc network. Need efficient protocols to route and manage data in this network.
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Network Topologies

Star

Single Hop Network All nodes communicate directly with Gateway No router nodes Cannot self-heal Range 30-100m Consumes lowest power

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Network Topologies

Mesh

Multi-hopping network All nodes are routers Self-configuring network Node fails, network selfheals Re-routes data through shortest path Highly fault tolerant network Multi-hopping provides much longer range Higher power consumption nodes must always listen!

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Network Topologies

Star-Mesh Hybrid

Combines of stars low power and meshs self-healing and longer range All endpoint sensor nodes can communicate with multiple routers Improves fault tolerance Increases network communication range High degree of flexibility and mobility

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Self-Organizing WLAN

Opportunistic ad-hoc wireless networking concepts starting to mature Initial use to extend WLAN range in user-deployed networks Based on novel auto-discovery and multi-hop routing protocols extends the utility and reach of low-cost/high speed WiFi equipment
AP1

Wired Network Infrastructure

802.11 Access to AP

AP2

Ad-hoc radio link (w/multi-hop routing

Ad-hoc Infrastructure links

Ad-hoc access To FN Mobile Node (MN) (end-user) Self-organizing Ad-hoc WLAN Forwarding Node (FN) Forwarding Node (FN)

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How to get information from Data-centric Sensor Networks?

Types of Queries:

Historical Queries: Analysis of data collected over time One Time Queries: Snapshot view of the network Persistent Queries: Periodic monitoring at long and regular intervals Application specific Data centric Data aggregation capability desirable Need to minimize energy consumption
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Routing required to respond to a Query:

Software Framework
MAC layer (Tiny OS, routing) Configuration Table Power consumption status & replacement strategy Sensor Data Management Middleware Application (passing parameters via API)
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Technical challenges

Sensor design Self-organizing network, that requires 0configuration of sensors

Random or planned deployment of sensors, and collators

Auto-addressing Auto-service discovery Sensor localization

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Power Consumption

Limited Power Source Battery Lifetime is limited Each sensor node plays a dual role of data originator and data router (data processor) The malfunctioning of a few nodes consumes lot of energy (rerouting of packets and significant topological changes)
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Environmental Factors

Wireless sensors need to operate in conditions that are not encountered by typical computing devices:

Rain, sleet, snow, hail, etc. Wide temperature variations

May require separating sensor from electronics

High humidity Saline or other corrosive substances High wind speeds

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Historical Comparison
Consider a 40 Year Old Computer
Model Date CPU Memory SRAM
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Honeywell H-300 6/1964 2 MHz 32 KB ???

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Mica 2 7/2003 4 MHz 128 KB 512 KB

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Advances in Wireless Sensor Nodes

Consider Multiple Generations of Berkeley Motes Model Rene 2 Rene 2 Mica Mica 2

Date CPU Flash Memory SRAM Radio

10/2000 4 MHz 8 KB 32 KB

6/2001 8 MHz 16 KB 32 KB

2/2002 7/2003 4 MHz 4 MHz 128 KB 128 KB 512 KB 512 KB

10 Kbps 10 Kbps 40 Kbps 40 Kbps

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August 24, 2006

Summary

Sensor networks will facilitate one to address several societal issues:

Early-warning systems Disaster mitigation Security, transportation, irrigation Research into new sensors Needs experimentation, pilot deployment Lots needs to be done in Software (OS, MAC, Application) While cost is an issue today, it will not be so tomorrow
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Applications in other sectors

Technology is available today

References

Wireless & Mobile Systems Prof Dharma Prakash Agrawal and H. Deng Integrating Wireless Technology in the Enterprise by Williams Wheeler, Elsevier Digital Press Circuits & Systems for Wireless Communications Edited by Markus Helfenstein and George S. Moschytz, Kluwer Academic Publishers

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Any Questions?

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