Lect 10

1
EEE 498/598
Overview of Electrical Engineering
Lecture 10:
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions to
Maxwells Equations

Lecture 10
2
Lecture 10 Objectives
To study uniform plane wave solutions to
Maxwells equations:
In the time domain for a lossless medium.
In the frequency domain for a lossy medium.
Lecture 10
3
Overview of Waves
A wave is a pattern of values in space that
appear to move as time evolves.
A wave is a solution to a wave equation.
Examples of waves include water waves,
sound waves, seismic waves, and voltage
and current waves on transmission lines.
Lecture 10
4
Overview of Waves (Contd)
Wave phenomena result from an exchange between
two different forms of energy such that the time rate
of change in one form leads to a spatial change in
the other.
Waves possess
no mass
energy
momentum
velocity
Lecture 10
5
Time-Domain Maxwells
Equations in Differential Form
mv
ev
q B
t
D
J H
q D
t
B
K E
= V
c
c
+ = V
= V
c
c
= V
i c
J J +
i c
K K +
Lecture 10
6
Time-Domain Maxwells Equations in
Differential Form for a Simple Medium
c
c o
c
o
mv
i
ev
i m
q
H
t
E
J E H
q
E
t
H
K H E
= V
c
c
+ + = V
= V
c
c
+ = V
H K E J H B E D
m c c
o o c = = = =
Lecture 10
7
Time-Domain Maxwells Equations in Differential Form for a
Simple, Source-Free, and Lossless Medium
0
0
= V
c
c
= V
= V
c
c
= V
H
t
E
H
E
t
H
E
c
0 0 0 = = = = = =
m mv ev i i
q q K J o o
Lecture 10
8
Time-Domain Maxwells Equations in Differential Form for a
Simple, Source-Free, and Lossless Medium
Obviously, there must be a source for the
field somewhere.
However, we are looking at the properties
of waves in a region far from the source.
Lecture 10
9
Derivation of Wave Equations for Electromagnetic Waves
in a Simple, Source-Free, Lossless Medium
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
t
H
t
E
H H H
t
E
t
H
E E E
c
c
=
c
V c
=
V V V = V V
c
c
=
c
V c
=
V V V = V V
c c
c
0
0
Lecture 10
10
Wave Equations for Electromagnetic Waves
in a Simple, Source-Free, Lossless Medium
0
2
2
2
=
c
c
V
t
H
H c
0
2
2
2
=
c
c
V
t
E
E c
The wave equations are
not independent.
Usually we solve the
electric field wave
equation and determine
H from E using
Faradays law.
Lecture 10
11
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions in
the Time Domain
A uniform plane wave is an electromagnetic
wave in which the electric and magnetic fields
and the direction of propagation are mutually
orthogonal, and their amplitudes and phases
are constant over planes perpendicular to the
direction of propagation.
Let us examine a possible plane wave solution
given by
( ) t z E a E
x x
,
=
Lecture 10
12
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions
in the Time Domain (Contd)
The wave equation for this field simplifies to

The general solution to this wave equation is
0
2
2
2
2
=
c
c
c
c
t
E
z
E
x x
c
( ) ( ) ( ) t v z p t v z p t z E
p p x
+ + =
2 1
,
Lecture 10
13
the Time Domain (Contd)
The functions p
1
(z-v
p
t) and p
2
(z+v
p
t)
represent uniform waves propagating in
the +z and -z directions respectively.
Once the electric field has been
determined from the wave equation, the
magnetic field must follow from
Maxwells equations.

Lecture 10
14
The velocity of propagation is determined
solely by the medium:

The functions p
1
and p
2
are determined by
the source and the other boundary
conditions.
c
1
=
p
v
Lecture 10
15
Here we must have
( ) t z H a H
y y
,
=
where
( ) ( ) ( ) { } t v z p t v z p t z H
p p y
+ =
2 1
1
,
q
Lecture 10
16
q is the intrinsic impedance of the medium given by

Like the velocity of propagation, the intrinsic
impedance is independent of the source and is
determined only by the properties of the medium.
c
q =
Lecture 10
17
In free space (vacuum):
O ~ =
~ =
377 120
m/s 10 3
8
t q
c v
p
Lecture 10
18
Strictly speaking, uniform plane waves can be
produced only by sources of infinite extent.
However, point sources create spherical waves.
Locally, a spherical wave looks like a plane wave.
Thus, an understanding of plane waves is very
important in the study of electromagnetics.
Lecture 10
19
Assuming that the source is sinusoidal. We
have

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
v
z t C t v z
v
C t v z p
z t C t v z
v
C t v z p
e
|
| e
e
| e
e
=
+ =
|
|
.
|
\
|
= +
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
cos cos
cos cos
2 2 2
1 1 1
Lecture 10
20
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) { } z t C z t C t z H
z t C z t C t z E
y
x
| e | e
q
| e | e
+ =
+ + =
cos cos
1
,
cos cos ,
2 1
2 1
The electric and magnetic fields are given
by
Lecture 10
21
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions in the
Time Domain (Contd)
The argument of the cosine function is the
called the instantaneous phase of the
field:
( ) z t t z | e | = ,
Lecture 10
22
The speed with which a constant value of
instantaneous phase travels is called the
phase velocity. For a lossless medium, it is
equal to and denoted by the same symbol as
the velocity of propagation.
c
|
e
|
| e
| | e
1
0
0
= = =
= =
dt
dz
v
t
z z t
p
Lecture 10
23
|
t
t |
2
2 = =
The distance along the direction of
propagation over which the instantaneous
phase changes by 2t radians for a fixed
value of time is the wavelength.
Lecture 10
24
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time Domain (Contd)
The
wavelength is
also the
distance
between every
other zero
crossing of
the sinusoid.

Function vs. position at a fixed time
Lecture 10
25
Relationship between wavelength and
frequency in free space:

Relationship between wavelength and
frequency in a material medium:
f
c
=
f
v
p
=
Lecture 10
26
| is the phase constant and is given by
p
v
e
c e | = =
rad/m
Lecture 10
27
In free space (vacuum):
0
0 0 0
2
t e
c e | = = = = k
c
free space wavenumber
(rad/m)
Lecture 10
28
Time-Harmonic Analysis
Sinusoidal steady-state (or time-harmonic)
analysis is very useful in electrical engineering
because an arbitrary waveform can be represented
by a superposition of sinusoids of different
frequencies using Fourier analysis.
If the waveform is periodic, it can be represented
using a Fourier series.
If the waveform is not periodic, it can be
represented using a Fourier transform.
Lecture 10
29
Time-Harmonic Maxwells Equations in Differential Form for
a Simple, Source-Free, Possibly Lossy Medium
0
0
= V = V
= V = V
H E j H
E H j E
ec
e
e
o

e
o
c c c
m
j j
j j
' '
'
=
' '
'
=
Lecture 10
30
Derivation of Helmholtz Equations for Electromagnetic
Waves in a Simple, Source-Free, Possibly Lossy Medium
( )
( )
H E j
H H H
E H j
E E E
c e ec
c e e
2
2
2
2
= V =
V V V = V V
= V =
V V V = V V
0
0
2

2

Lecture 10
31
Helmholtz Equations for Electromagnetic Waves
in a Simple, Source-Free, Possibly Lossy Medium
0
2 2
= V E E
The Helmholtz
equations are not
independent.
Usually we solve the
electric field equation
and determine H from
E using Faradays law.
0
2 2
= V H H
Lecture 10
32
Frequency Domain
Assuming a plane wave solution of the form

The Helmholtz equation simplifies to
( ) z E a E
x x
=
0
2
2
2
=
x
x
E
dz
E d
Lecture 10
33
the Frequency Domain (Contd)
The propagation constant is a complex
number that can be written as
| o c e c e j j + = = =
2
attenuation
constant
(Np/m)
phase constant
(rad/m)
(m
-1
)
Lecture 10
34
Frequency Domain (Contd)
o is the attenuation constant and has
units of nepers per meter (Np/m).
| is the phase constant and has units of
radians per meter (rad/m).
Note that in general for a lossy medium
c e | =
Lecture 10
35
The general solution to this wave equation is

( )
z j z z j z
z z
x
e e C e e C
e C e C z E
| o | o

2 1
2 1
+ =
+ =

+
( ) z E
x
+
( ) z E
x
wave traveling in
the +z-direction
wave traveling in
the -z-direction
Lecture 10
36
( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( ) z t e C z t e C
e z E t z E
z z
t j
x x
| e | e
o o
e
+ + =
=
cos cos
Re ,
2 1
Converting the phasor representation of E
back into the time domain, we have
We have assumed that C
1
and C
2
are real.
Lecture 10
37
The corresponding magnetic field for the uniform
plane wave is obtained using Faradays law:

e
e
j
E
H H j E
V
= = V
Lecture 10
38
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) z E z E
e C e C z H
x x
z z
y
+
=
=
q
q

1
1
2 1
Evaluating H we have

Lecture 10
39
We note that the intrinsic impedance q is a
complex number for lossy media.

q
|
q q
j
e =
Lecture 10
40
( ) ( ) { }
( )
( )
q
o
q
o
e
| | e
q
| | e
q
+ +
=
=
z t e
C
z t e
C
e z H t z H
z
z
t j
y y
cos
cos
Re ,
2
1
Converting the phasor representation of H
back into the time domain, we have
Lecture 10
41
We note that in a lossy medium, the
electric field and the magnetic field are no
longer in phase.
The magnetic field lags the electric field by
an angle of |
q
.
Lecture 10
42
Note that we have

These form a right-
handed coordinate
system
z
a H E

E
a
H
a
z
a
Uniform plane
waves are a type of
transverse
electromagnetic
(TEM) wave.
Lecture 10
43
Relationships between the phasor
representations of electric and magnetic fields
in uniform plane waves:
H a E
E a H
p
p
=
=
1
q
q
unit vector in
direction of
propagation
Lecture 10
44
Example:

Consider

rad/m 33.16
Np/m 191 1
S/m 01 . 0
5 . 2
m 300 . 0 Hz 10 1
0
0
0
9
=
=
=
=
=
= =
|
o

c c

.
f
( ) ( ) z t e t z E
z
x
| e
o
=

+
cos ,
Lecture 10
45
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
z/
0
E
x +

(
z
,
t
)
z
e
o
Snapshot of E
x
+
(z,t) at et = 0
Lecture 10
46
Properties of the wave determined by the
source:
amplitude
phase
frequency
Lecture 10
47
Properties of the wave determined by
the medium are:
velocity of propagation (v
p
)
intrinsic impedance (q)
propagation constant constant (=o+j|)
wavelength ()
|
t
2
= =
f
v
p
also depend on
frequency
Lecture 10
48
Dispersion
For a signal (such as a pulse) comprising a
band of frequencies, different frequency
components propagate with different
velocities causing distortion of the signal.
This phenomenon is called dispersion.
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
input signal
output signal
Lecture 10
49
Plane Wave Propagation in Lossy
Media
Assume a wave propagating in the +z-
direction:

We consider two special cases:
Low-loss dielectric.
Good (but not perfect) conductor.
( ) ( ) z t e E t z E
z
x x
| e
o
=

+
cos ,
0
Lecture 10
50
Plane Waves in a Low-Loss
Dielectric
A lossy dielectric exhibits loss due to
molecular forces that the electric field has
to overcome in polarizing the material.
We shall assume that
( ) ( ) o c c o c
c
c
c c c c
tan 1 tan 1
1
0
j j
j j
r
=
'
=
|
.
|
\
|
'
' '
'
=
' '
'
=
0
c
c
c
'
=
r
Lecture 10
51
Dielectric (Contd)
Assume that the material is a low-loss
dielectric, i.e, the loss tangent of the
material is small:
1 tan <<
'
' '
=
c
c
o
Lecture 10
52
Dielectric (Contd)
Assuming that the loss tangent is small, approximate
expressions for o and | can be developed.

( )
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
1
tan 1
0
0 0
0
0
o o
c e o
c c e |
| o
o
c e
o c e c e
k
k k
j j j
j j j
r
=
'
~
= =
'
~
+ =
|
.
|
\
|

'
~
'
= =
wavenumber
( )
2
1 1
2 / 1
x
x ~
Lecture 10
53
r
p
c
k
v
c
e
|
e
= ~ =
Dielectric (Contd)
The phase velocity is given by

Lecture 10
54
| |
2
tan
0 0
2 / 1
2
tan
1
tan 1
o
c
q o
c
q
o
c
q
j
r r
e j
j
~
(
+ ~
'
= =

Dielectric (Contd)
The intrinsic impedance is given by
( )
2
1 1
2 / 1
x
x + ~
( )
x
e x ~ + 1
Lecture 10
55
Dielectric (Contd)
In most low-loss dielectrics, c
r
is more or
less independent of frequency. Hence,
dispersion can usually be neglected.
The approximate expression for o is used
to accurately compute the loss per unit
length.
Lecture 10
56
Plane Waves in a Good Conductor
In a perfect conductor, the electromagnetic
field must vanish.
In a good conductor, the electromagnetic
field experiences significant attenuation as
it propagates.
The properties of a good conductor are
determined primarily by its conductivity.
Lecture 10
57
Plane Waves in a Good
Conductor
For a good conductor,

Hence,
1 >>
'
c e
o
e
o
c j ~
Lecture 10
58
Conductor (Contd)
( )
2
2
2
1
eo
o
eo
|
eo
eo
e
o
e c e
~
~
+ =
=
|
.
|
\
|
~ =
j
j j j j
Lecture 10
59
c v
p
<< ~ =
o
e
|
e 2
Conductor (Contd)
The phase velocity is given by

Lecture 10
60
=
+
=
=
~ =
45
2
1
j
e
j
j
j
o
e
o
e
o
e
e
o
q
Conductor (Contd)
The intrinsic impedance is given by
Lecture 10
61
(Contd)
The skin depth of material is the depth to
which a uniform plane wave can penetrate
before it is attenuated by a factor of 1/e.
We have
o
o
oo
1
1 = =
e
Lecture 10
62
(Contd)
For a good conductor, we have
eo o
o
2 1
~ =
Lecture 10
63
Wave Equations for Time-Harmonic
Fields in Simple Medium
i
r
i
r
r
i
r
i
r
r
K j
J
E k E
J j
K
E k E
0
2
0
0
2
0
1
1
ec
c
c
e
|
|
.
|
\
|
V =
|
|
.
|
\
|
V V
|
|
.
|
\
|
V =
|
|
.
|
\
|
V V
0 0 0
c e = k

Lect 10

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