3D Holographic Display

By: Dwijay Bane Utkarsh Bhaskar

What is a Hologram?
A

Hologram is a picture that changes when looked at from different angles. Holography is a technique that allows the light scattered from an object to be recorded and later reconstructed so that it appears as if the object is in the same position relative to the recording medium as it was when recorded.

How does Hologram Works?

Typically coherent light from a laser is reflected from an object and combined at the film with light from an reference beam. Interference pattern produced by beam is recorded. The resulting light field is an apparently random pattern of varying intensity which is the Hologram.

Characteristics of Hologram
Photography 3D

of light wave interference.

in nature. Lens less photography. Any part of the Hologram contains the whole image. The images are Scalable.

3D Classification
Techniques to generate virtual 3D Real 3D techniques: Recreates a 3D scene in real 3D room Holography True 3D techniques: Recreates a 3D scene by displaying one unique view for each eye True 3D classification Stereoscopic 3D: Use of special viewing glasses Auto stereoscopic 3D: No viewing equipment

Binocular Cues

stereo parallax seeing a different image with each eye. movement parallax seeing different images when we move our heads. accommodation the eyes lenses focus on the object of interest. convergence both eyes converge on the object of interest. Gives distance information.

Stereoscopic Display

It was first invented by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1838. Stereoscopy (also called stereoscopic or 3-D imaging) is any technique capable of recording three-dimensional visual information or creating the illusion of depth in an image. The easiest way to enhance depth perception in the brain is to provide the eyes of the viewer with two different images, representing two perspectives of the same object, with a minor deviation exactly equal to the perspectives that both eyes naturally receive in binocular vision. Anaglyphic images needs special Spectacles.

Stereoscopic 3D
1. 2.

3.

3D achieved using special viewing glasses: Anaglph Method: Different views coded in different color. Polarised Glasses: Different views coded in different polarization. Shutter Glasses: Different views encoded in time.

Stereoscopic Images
Anaglyph method Two different colors for left and right eye ( Red/green, red/blue, red/cyan glasses ) Advantages: Cheap glasses Easy to create the images No need for special monitor(regular TV works just fine) Disadvantages: Poor color quality Ghosting (right eye sees parts of the left eyes image, and vice versa)

Anaglphic Result

Stereoscopic Images
Polarization method Two different images for left and right eye, in space Advantages: Cheap glasses Good color quality and stereo effect Disadvantages: Expensive/lots of equipment (2 projectors, projector rack, special canvas, polarization filters) Difficult to align the projectors perfectly (can introduce vertical parallax) Viewers cant tilt their head sideways

Stereoscopic Images
Time/frame-sequential method Two different images for left and right eye, time multiplexed Advantages: Good color quality and stereo effect Disadvantages: More expensive (shutter)glasses (compared to the anaglyph and polarization methods) Requires a 120Hz display to avoid flickering (60Hz for each eye)

Definitions
A holographic display is one where the image is produced by wavefront reconstruction. The ideal stereoscopic display would produce images in real time that exhibit all the characteristics of the original scene. A volumetric display is one where the image is produced within a volume of space. In auto-stereoscopic displays, two or more images are seen across the width of the viewing field. Holoform, where the variation of the image is effectively continuous (or large number of views) across the viewing field. Multi-view where a series of discrete images are produced across the viewing field. Binocular where a single stereo pair is seen.

Auto-Stereoscopic Display

Auto Stereoscopy is a method of displaying three-dimensional images that can be viewed without the use of special headgear or glasses on the part of the user. No Glasses required. Three types Spatial multiplex (e.g. lenticular or parallax barrier) Time Sequential Multi projector Used in two different ways Two views with head tracking: Single viewer Multiple views: Many viewers

Volumetric Displays (Pros and Cons)

++They provide motion parallax in both the horizontal and vertical direction. Motion parallax is where the image changes with viewpoint and allows the look around capability. ++There is no rivalry between accommodation and convergence, therefore reducing the possibility of effects such as headaches and nausea. -- Image transparency this is where the front surface of an image allows light from voxels behind it to pass through it. -- Difficult video capture volumetric displays are OK for CG images, but would require a two-dimensional camera array for video. -- Non-Lambertian distribution is not possible to display so that shiny surfaces, for example, would have an unnatural appearance.

Holoform
Advantages: Displays motion parallax No accommodation / focus rivalry Disadvantages: Large amount of information has to be displayed Capture requires relatively large camera array Display hardware can be large

Autostereoscopic
no

glasses required three types -spatial multiplex (e.g. lenticular or parallax barrier) -time multiplex (e.g. Cambridge display) -multi-projector used in two different ways -two views with head tracking single viewer -multiple views many viewers

Volumetric
drawing

in true 3D space various types -spinning plate (e.g. Actuality) -crystalline (e.g. Er3+ doped CaF2) -laser plasma display -vibrating mirror

Problems with 3D display

Each of the technologies has its drawbacks all technologies except holographic and volumetric -convergence/focus conflict volumetric -always see through holographic -limited depth of field -currently not interactive