Microcontroller

Navya B S Email:navya29gowda@gmail.com

May 5, 2012

Introduction
Amicrocontrollerisaneconomicalcomputer-on-a-chipbuilt fordealingwithspecifictasks,suchasdisplayingorreceiving informationthroughLEDsorremotecontrolleddevices. Themostcommonlyusedsetofmicrocontrollersbelong to8051Family.

8051 Family
Intelfabricatedtheoriginal8051whichisknownasMCS-51. Theothertwomembersofthe8051familyare: i. 8052Thismicrocontrollerhas256bytesofRAMand3 timers.Inadditiontothestandardfeaturesof8051,this microcontrollerhasanadded128bytesofRAMandtimer.It has8KbytesofonchipprogramROM.Theprogramswritten forprojectsusing8051microcontrollercanbeusedtorunon theprojectsusing8052microcontrolleras8051isasubsetof 8052.

May 5, 2012

 ii. 8031Thismicrocontrollerhasallthefeaturesof8051 exceptforittobeROM-less.AnexternalROMthatcanbeas largeas64Kbytesshouldbeprogrammedandaddedtothis chipforexecution.ThedisadvantageofaddingexternalROM isthat2ports(outofthe4ports)areused.Hence,only2ports areleftforI/Ooperationswhichcanalsobeaddedexternallyif requiredforexecution.

May 5, 2012

Why Microcontroller?
Lowcostforalotofprocessing Lowpower(canrunonbatteries) Ifpoweriswellmanaged,canrunforyearsona9V! Small CancommunicatewithPCstodocomplexprocessingwithreal worldeffects

May 5, 2012

Features of 8051
Themainfeaturesof8051microcontrollerare: i.RAM128Bytes(Datamemory) ii.ROM4Kbytes(ROMsignifytheonchipprogramspace) iii.SerialPortUsingUARTmakesitsimplertointerfacefor serialcommunication. iv.Two16bitTimer/Counter v.Input/outputPins4Portsof8bitseachonasinglechip. vi.6InterruptSources vii.8bitALU(ArithmeticLogicUnit) viii.HarvardMemoryArchitectureIthas16bitAddressbus (eachofRAMandROM)and8bitDataBus. ix.8051canexecute1millionone-cycleinstructionspersecond withaclockfrequencyof12MHz. ThismicrocontrollerisalsocalledasSystemonachipbecause ithasallthefeaturesonasinglechip.
May 5, 2012 6

May 5, 2012

Memory Architecture
The4discretetypesofmemoryin8051are: i.Internal RAMThismemoryislocatedfromaddress0to 0xff.Thememorylocationsfrom0x00to0x7Fareaccessed directly.Thebytesfrom0x20to0x2Farebit-addressable. LoadingR0andR1thememorylocationfrom0x80to0xFF caneasilyaccessed. ii.Special Function Registers (SFR)Locatedfromaddress 0x80to0xFFofthememorylocation.Thesameinstructions usedforlowerhalfofInternalRAMcanbeusedtoaccess SFRs.TheSFRsarebitaddressabletoo. iii. Program Memory This is read only memory which is located at address 0. With the help of 16 bit Special Function Register DPTR, this memory can also save the tables of constants.
May 5, 2012 8

iv.External Data MemoryLocatedataddress0.The InstructionMOVX(MoveExternal)shouldbeusedtoaccess theexternaldatamemory. History of 8051 and Key Developments IntelCorporationfabricatedthe8bitmicrocontrollerwhich wasreferredasMCS-51in1981. Thismicrocontrollerwasalsoreferredassystemonachip becauseithas128bytesofRAM,4KbytesofROM,2Timers, 1Serialport,andfourportsonasinglechip. TheCPUcanworkforonly8bitsofdataatatimebecause8051 isan8-bitprocessor.Incasethedataislargerthan8bitsthenit hastobebrokenintopartssothattheCPUcanprocess conveniently.
May 5, 2012 9

 Intelpermittedothermanufacturerstofabricatedifferent versionsof8051butwiththelimitationthatcodecompatibility shouldbemaintained.Thishasaddedadvantagethatifthe programiswrittenthenitcanbeusedforanyversionof8051 despiteofmanufacturer. Asyearspassedby,thequalityoftechnologysurpassedthe expectationofthegreatestminds,withgadgetsbecoming smaller,sleekerandmoreefficient. Microcontrollerswereseenastheanswertotherequirements raisedinadvancedelectronics.

May 5, 2012

10

Thisisthereasonwhymanufacturershavenowfocusedtheir productionaroundthefollowingmaindevelopmentalaspects: i.Ease-of-use ii.Marketavailability iii.Lesspowerusage iv.Smallerprocessingpower v.MoreintegratedfeatureslikeRFandUSB vi.Smallerformfactors

May 5, 2012

11

Applications
The8051hasbeeninuseinawidenumberofdevices,mainly becauseitiseasytointegrateintoaprojectorbuildadevice around.Thefollowingarethemainareasoffocus: i. EnergyManagement ii. Touchscreens iii. Automobiles iv. MedicalDevices

May 5, 2012

12