RADAR EQUATION

Assigned By: Sir Irfan

Presented By: SADIQ
ABID
Peak Power of RADAR & SNR
Goal Derive the radar equation
The radar equation provides a relationship between the
received power, the characteristics of the target, and
characteristics of the radar itself.
Steps in deriving the radar equation:

1) Determine the radiated power per unit area (the power flux
density) incident on the target
2) Determine the power flux density scattered back toward the
radar (the radar cross section)
3) Determine the amount of power collected by the antenna
(the antenna effective area).
2
4 R
P
P
t
isotropic
t
=
So power flux density (P, watts/m
2
) at a distance R from an
isotropic antenna is:
(1)

Consider an isotropic antenna that transmits radiation equally
in all directions

Where P
t
is the transmitted power
2
4 R
GP
P
t
inc
t
=
Since in Radar we used directed antenna to transmit power in
particular direction.
So gain(G) is multiplied with Power density .
So from (1)
(2)
2
4 R
GP
p
t
inc
t
=
(3)
Some typical values:

Gain = 10,000 (40 db)
Transmitted Power = 100,000 Watts
Target is at 100 km range

Incident Power Flux Density = 8 x 10
-3
Watts/m
2
Radar cross section: Radar cross sectional area of a target()
determines density back to the Radar.
So re radiated power density back to Radar is:
Ae reradiated. Pr =
The echo signal which is captured by the Radar is:
|
.
|

\
|
[ 2 4
.
R
isn P
o
(4)
(5)
So put equation (2) and equation (3) in (4) We get:
|
.
|

\
|
[

4 2 16
Pr
R
Ae G P
t
o
(6)
Where:
Pt=transmitted power
Pr=received power
G=gain of Antenna
Ae=antenna effective aperture
=cross sectional of the target


2:Peak Power of RADAR & SNR
A continuous-wave radar transmission may be easily figured because the
transmitter operates continuously.

However pulsed radar transmitters are switched on and off to provide range
timing information with each pulse.

The amount of energy in this waveform is important because maximum range
is directly related to transmitter output power.
Introduction
The more the transmits energy , the greater the range will be.

The energy content of the pulse is equal to the peak (maximum) power
level of the pulse multiplied by the pulse width. However, meters used to
measure power in a radar system do so over a period of time that is longer
than the pulse width. For this reason, pulse-repetition time is included in
the power calculations for transmitters. Power measured over such a
period of time is referred to as average power:
Introduction
P
ave
= (P
peak
)Duty Cycle

P
ave=
P
peak.(/T)

Where:
=pulse width in () seconds
T=pulse repetition interval in (m) second

SNR.???
Internal Noise:
It is generated by all electronic components and appears as random
variations superimposed on the desired echo signal.
The lower the power of the echo signal, the more difficult it is to separate it
from the noise.

Noise figure:
It is a measure of the noise produced by a receiver compared to an ideal
receiver, and this needs to be minimized.
Noise
In modern radar systems, due to the high performance of their receivers,
the internal noise is typically about equal to or lower than the external
scene noise.
External Noise: due to environmental effects natural thermal radiation
of the background scene surrounding the target of interest.
flicker noise: which is a random fluctuation in an electrical signal it
occurs due to ions bombarment and diffusion in a materials.
It depends on 1/f and much lower than thermal noise when the
frequency is high.
Noise
signal-to-noise ratio(SNR): SNR is defined as the ratio of a signal power
to the noise power within the desired signal.
SNR compares the level of a desired signal (such as targets) to the level
of background noise.
Higher SNR, the better it is in isolating actual targets from the
surrounding noise signals.

SNR
3: Pulse Integration
A pulse integrator is a improvement technique to address
gains in probability of detection by using multiple transmit
pulses.

This gain will be achieved by inserted in receiving path radar
signal processor adding radar returns (thus the word
integrator) from different successive pulse periods.
Pulse Integration
Depending on location of the pulse integrator in the signal
processing chain this process is referred to as:
coherent integration
non-coherent integration
Pulse Integration
With coherent integration we insert a coherent integrator, or signal
processor, between the matched filter and amplitude detector as
shown in Figure 1.
The signal processor samples the return from each transmit pulse at
a spacing equal to the range resolution of the radar set and adds the
returns from N pulses. After it accumulates the N pulse sum it
performs the amplitude detection and threshold check.
Coherent Integration
The Non-Coherent Integrator is placed after the amplitude or
square law detector as shown in Figure 2.
The name non-coherent integration derives from the fact that,
since the signal has undergone amplitude or square law
detection, the phase information is lost.
The non-coherent integrator operates in the same fashion as the
coherent integrator in that it sums the returns from N pulses
before performing the threshold check
Non-coherent Integration
In older radars the pulse integration was implemented via the
persistence on displays plus the integrating capability of a human
operator.
Non-coherent Integration
4: Power aperture product
Partial performance of phased array radar relies on its power-aperture product
(z).
which is the product of the average radiated power and the effective array
aperture area.

Power aperture product
Ae Peve Z ). (
It can be seen that when the target goes away from the reciver the improvements
factor becomes better.
Improvements is due to auto correlation function

Thanks