Chapter 1: Introduction

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Chapter 1: Introduction

What Operating Systems Do

Computer-System Organization
Computer-System Architecture Operating-System Structure Operating-System Operations

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What is an Operating System?

A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware. Operating system goals:

Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier. Make the computer system convenient to use.

Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner. Example- UNIX,Mach,MS_DOS,MS-Windows etc.

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System Software Control the operations of the computer system itself. Ex- MS- DOS, Compiler, Assembler Application Software Perform a specific task for the user such as word processing, accounting etc. Ex- MS-Office

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Computer System Structure

Computer system can be divided into four components

Hardware provides basic computing resources

CPU, memory, I/O devices

Operating system

Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications and users

Application programs define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users

Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems, video games

Users

People, machines, other computers

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Four Components of a Computer System

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Operating System Definition

OS is a resource allocator

Manages all resources Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource use Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer

OS is a control program

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Operating System Definition(Cont.)

No universally accepted definition Everything a vendor ships when you order an operating system is good approximation

But varies wildly

The one program running at all times on the computer is the kernel. Everything else is either a system program (ships with the operating system) or an application program

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Generation of Computer

First generation: 1945 1955

Vacuum tubes Plug boards Example ENIAC,EDVAC Advantages Fastest calculating Perform computations Milliseconds Disadvantages Too large in size. They were unreliable. Induce a large amount of heat due to vacuum tubes. Not portable. Limited commercial use.

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Second generation: 1955 1965

Transistors RAM & ROM Magnetic tapes & Magnetic Disk. Batch systems Language- Basic, Cobol. Ex- IBM-1401,IBM-600 etc. Advantages Smaller in size Much more reliable. Less heat generated. Could be used for commercial use. Disadvantages Very costly for commercial use. Required frequent maintenance. Frequent cooling also required.

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Third generation: 1965 1971

Integrated circuits Multiprogramming PROM & DRAM Ex- IBN SYSTEM/360,ICH-360 Advantages Smaller in size More Reliable Portable Less electricity consumption Heat generation was rare General purpose computer Disadvantages AC was required Very advance technology

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Fourth generation: 1971 1981

Large scale integration Personal computers EPROM & SRAM OS- MS-DOS & PC-DOS Ex- IBM-PC, Apple Macintosh etc. Advantages Smaller in size & much reliable No cooling system required Much faster computation Portable & cheap Heat generated was negligible. Totally general purpose computer.

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Fifth Generation-1981

Ultra large scale ICs. EEPROM,SIMM & DIMM OS- Windows -95,NT etc. Very small in size.

Advantages Very large storage capacity Long bit processor builds Artificial intelligence language developed

Next generation: ??? Systems connected by high-speed networks? Wide area resource management

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