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What is Network?
A group of computers and other devices that are connected by some type of transmission media.
Small as two computers connected by a cable in a home, office Large as several thousand computers connected by cable, satellite or phone line.
/ Workstations
A system or device that make use of shared network resources. A computer System that provides and manages shared network resources. Files Printers E-mail Web pages
Servers
Type of Network
Peer-to-peer Client/Server Networks.
Peer-to-peer/P2P Networks
Each system unit acts as a client and a server. Ideal for small network. Each system potentially shares resources among other client systems. No need dedicated server. All system unit using various type of OS.
Advantage
Disadvantage
Simple to configure Dont need much technical expertise Typically less expensive to setup
Not very flexible Have less services. Do not have strong security.
Client/Servers Networks
Sometimes called Server-based network. A network that using dedicated servers. Usually use at
Medium-sized
Advantages
User login accounts and passwords for anyone on a server-based network can be assigned in one place. Access to multiple shared resources can be centrally granted to a single user or groups of users Problems on the network can be tracked, diagnosed, and often fixed from one location. Servers are optimized to handle heavy processing loads and dedicated to handling requests from clients. Servers can connect more than a handful of computers on a network
Disadvantages
Using complex & complicated configuration. Expensive to setup. Need much technical expertise
Hardware components
Network NIC Network
Wiring Equipment
Software components
NIC
Services
Services = Network operation Type of services
Printing-Print DNS Dynamic
spooler,
Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Directory Services- assigned name kepada ip address Nat check google Network file System & etc
NIC driver
Use to run the NIC. Allow the NIC to work with OS
Protocols
A standardized way of performing a specific action. /bahasa komunikasi dalam network Acts as the language the system will use to communicating to each other. Type of protocols
TCP/IP User
Server Software
Allows a system to provide and manage information & services. Usually have on Server OS.
Client Software
Allows a system to request services from the system providing the resources.
Redirector
Played by the client software to provide an interface between the resources of the network and the functions of the host PCs operating system.
Like
Topologies
Physical layout of computer network
Bus Star Ring Hybrid
Bus Topology
Consists of a single cable connecting all nodes (PC) on a network without intervening connectivity devices The single cable is called bus and can only support one channel for communication Uses coaxial cable 50 ohm Resistor know as Terminator at the end of the cable Kalau xde resistor, data keluar sebab RFI and EMI menganggu electricity, terutama data dalam electricity.
Bus Topology
Ring Topology
In a ring topology, each node is connected to the two
nearest nodes so that the entire network forms a circle Data is transmitted clockwise, in one direction (unidirectional), around the ring The fact that all workstations participate in delivery makes the ring topology an active topology A ring topology also differs in that it has no ends and data stops at its destination and, twisted-pair or fiberoptic cabling is used as the physical medium
Ring Topology
Star Topology
Every node on the network is connected through a central device, such as hub , switch etc.. Uses twisted-pair or fiber-optic cabling
Star Topology
Hybrid
The hybrid topology uses the physical layout of a star in conjunction with the ring topologys data transmission method Data is sent around the star in a circular pattern This hybrid topology benefits from the fault tolerance of the star topology In a hybrid topology, groups of workstations are starconnected to hubs and then networked via a single bus With this design, you can cover longer distances and easily interconnect or isolate different network segments
Hybrid Topology
Communication
Media and Transmission
What is a signal ?
Data is communicated by means of a signal, and a signal is a change in voltage over time Distortion of the signal is known as interference Networks are generally not resilient to signal interference NICs, hubs and other devices generate signals which travel along the network media The signals are converted to data as they travel through the OSI layers Cable testers can be used to check signal quality and strength
Measuring Signals
Amplitude
Frequency
AnalogueSignalsvsDigital signals
AnalogueSignals
HumanVoicebest example Earrecognisessounds 20KHzorless AMRadio535KHzto 1605KHz FMRadio88MHzto 108MHz
Digitalsignals
RepresentedbySquare Wave Alldatarepresentedby binaryvalues SingleBinaryDigit
Bit
Transmissionof contiguousgroupof bitsisabitstream Notalldecimalvalues canberepresentedby binary
Digital Signals
Digital Advantages
Best for computer data Can be easily compressed Can be encrypted Equipment is more common and less expensive Can provide
Asynchronous Transmission
Uses start and stop bits to delineate pieces of data, usually characters when used with modems Less efficient than synchronous (overhead of bits) Best suited for short bursts, such as Internet use Less resistant to disruption
Data Packets
Usually data will broke down into packets before it travel to other medium. Packets = segment of data. The packets is divided into 3 parts:
The header
Specifies information needed to describe. Packet addresses (Source IP & Destination IP) Size of the packet Protocol Contains the application data or information that needs to be delivered. Contains Cycle Redundancy Check (CRC) checksum value. The result of a complex binary mathematical calculation on the data use to check all the packets are succeeded reach to the receiver or not.
Network Performance
Bandwidth = Refers to the performance (speed) of the network. Usually measured in Megabit per second (Mbps). latency