RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Aquatic Gas Exchange

Advantage: Keeping surface moist is no problem Disadvantage: O2 concentrations in water are low,
especially in warmer and saltier environments

Terrestrial Gas Exchange

Advantages: O2 diffuses faster in air Air contains much more O2 than
water Disadvantage: Surfaces must be internal to avoid loss of water due to evaporation

Ventilation
Ventilation increases the amount of O2
taken in stagnant water is no good Crayfish wave their appendages to create currents brings fresh water to
gills

Fish force water across their gills

 Blood also runs countercurrent to the
water

Taking in and forcing out O2 from

lungs

Protists & Less Complex Animals

Less complex organisms do not need

complex organ systems Gas exchange takes place due to diffusion

Insects
Have a series of openings along their
sides called spiracles. Tubes called trachea lead from spiracles to all of the body tissues.  Open circulatory system does not transport O2 and CO2

Fish
Most fish breathe with gills feathery
filaments that contain capillaries and a large surface area for gas exchange. They breathe by pumping water through the mouth, over gill filaments and out through slits in the sides of the pharynx. Double Pump System: by decreasing pressure in mouth, water is forced in; by increasing pressure in mouth, water is forced out through the opercula

Fish
Because the gills are so vascular and have a large surface area, gas exchange can happen adequately

Fish
Countercurrent blood flow increases the efficiency of obtaining O2 from water

Human Respiration
Works together with the circulatory system. Exchange of gases between atmosphere,
blood, and cells. If respiratory system and/or circulatory system fails, death will occur. Cells need O2 for work; release CO2 as a waste product. Accumulation of excess CO2 is toxic to cells and must be removed.

Respiratory System Circulatory system Intakes oxygen Transports gases in blood between Releases carbon lungs and cells dioxide waste

Respiratory Structures & Organs

Respiratory Structures & Organs

Nose : made of cartilage and bone and is
designed to warm, moisten, and filter air as it comes into the system. Pharynx (throat) : conducts food and air; exchanges air with Eustachian tube to equalize pressure.

Respiratory Structures & Organs

Larynx (voice box) : connects the pharynx
and trachea; made of cartilage; contains vocal cords nasal cavity
pharynx larynx

Epiglottis : flap of tissue that covers

trachea; ensures food travels down the esophagus

Respiratory Structures & Organs

Trachea : tubular passage way for air; carries
air to the lungs, C-shaped cartilage rings, divides at end. Bronchi : pair of tubes that branch from trachea and enter lungs; have cartilage plates; lining is ciliated & secretes mucus
larynx trachea bronchi

bronchiol es

Respiratory Structures & Organs

Bronchioles tiny tubes lacking cartilage and
cilia; possess smooth muscle.

Autonomic nervous system regulates diameter

of bronchioles. Sympathetic division dilates bronchioles Parasympathetic division constricts bronchioles.
bronchiole smooth muscle

Respiratory Structures & Organs

Alveoli : cup shaped structures at the end of the bronchioles, that resemble bunches of grapes; are in direct contact with capillaries (gas exchange); covered with surfactant that keep them from collapsing.

Lungs : paired, cone-shaped organs that are surrounded by a pleural membrane, made of elastic tissue, and divided into lobes

Mechanics of Breathing
Inhaling (active process) Air moves in. Why?? Gases move from an area of high pressure to low pressure. During inspiration diaphragm pulls down and lungs expand. When lungs expand, it INCREASES the VOLUME, which DECREASES the PRESSURE inside lungs. Lung pressure is lower than outside pressure, so air moves in.

Mechanics of Breathing
Exhaling (passive process) breathing out Diaphragm and muscles relax Volume in lungs and chest cavity decreases, so now pressure inside increases Air moves out because pressure inside is HIGHER than OUTSIDE atmosphere

Respiration
What is respiration? External respiration exchange of O2 and
CO2 between respiratory surfaces and the blood (breathing) Internal respiration exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood and cells Cellular respiration process by which cells use O2 to produce ATP

External Respiration
Exchange of O2 and CO2
between alveoli and blood Partial pressure of O2 higher in alveoli than blood so O2 diffuses into blood Partial pressure of CO2 higher in blood than alveoli, so CO2 moves into alveoli in opposite direction and gets exhaled out

Internal Respiration
Exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and
tissues Pressure of O2 higher in blood than tissues so O2 gets release into tissues. Pressure of CO2 higher in tissue than in blood so CO2 diffused in opposite direction into blood. CO2 Is a waste product O2 Is used in cellular respiration

Gas Transport in Blood

Carbon dioxide 70% as bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) dissolved in
plasma 23% bound to hemoglobin 7% as CO2 dissolved in plasma Oxygen 99% bound to hemoglobin 1% as O2 dissolved in plasma Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs because CO binds to hemoglobin more readily than O2

Respiratory System Disorders

Asthma muscles of bronchioles constrict,
drastically reducing ventilation. Emphysema destruction of alveoli. Tuberculosis highly contagious bacterial infection. Lung cancer 90% of lung cancer victims have a history of smoking.