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By SHARAD PACHPUTE PI: Prof. PMV Subbarao Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Delhi
Task elements (i)Formulation of the ABL equations with suitable closure assumptions and discrete analogues
Timeline 0 18 months
18 24 months 24 30 months
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
1. What is ABL 2. Structure of ABL 3. Velocity Profile within ABL 4. Boundary Layer Depth 5. Similarity Theory : Flow equations for Velocity, Turbulence 6. CFD Modeling of ABL- Modification of turbulence model applied to ABL 7. Case Study 8. Cloud Topped ABL: Types of cloud, Modeling and types of cloud BL 9. Rainfall Boundary Layer 10. References : PhD thesis, Books and Journals, Research papers and list of
Presentations
Day time ABL : Sun heats the surface and turbulence is dominantly driven by buoyancy Large convective eddies provide vigorous mixing over, typically 1-2 Km depth Convective mixed boundary layer Night time ABL: Thinning at night due to radiative surface cooling Buoyancy suppresses the turbulence intensity (sink) Forced convection is source of turbulence Shallower BL, 100-200m in deep Stable Boundary Layer (SBL) Stably stratified ABL It prevails at night time as well as daytime in winter in mid latitudes as well as in polar regions
Noon Diurnal BL
Sunrise
Noon Diurnal BL
Daytime: convective mixed layer + clouds (sometimes) Nocturnal : stable boundary layer + residual layer
PhD Thesis: Investigation of stable and unstable boundary layer phenomena using observations and a numerical weather prediction (2009 )
http://www.grin.com/en/doc/271723/investigation-of-stable-and-unstable-boundary-layer-phenomena-using-observations
Free Convection
Rising or sinking air caused by density differences Buoyant stability (s)
T2 T1 sw z 2 z1
Stable if S>0 Unstable if S<0
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Lecture 01 - Introduction
10
Organized Convection
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Lecture 01 - Introduction
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Fig.3 Fig Stable boundary Layer (SBL) and their basic interaction
Low level jet Above the SBL there is Wind speed profile such that wind speeds larger than the geotropic wind speed in free atmosphere above the ABL During daytime, the wind flow is determined by the pressure gradient force, the Coriolias force and friction that is generated by the ABL turbulence. During sunset, the turbulence drag suddenly decreases and equilibrium is disturbed, as result, the air accelerate in response to the lack of friction in the ABL This creates low level jet, acts as secondary (beyond production of near surface wind shear) source of turbulence in the SBL. Gravity Waves It is created by sudden surface roughness changes, convection and undulating topography.
Fog/Moist processes Radiation fog starts from certain layer Moisture /humidity
Zh or Zi
Laminar sub layer/Roughness Layer The layer near ground up to the height of the roughness length Z0,. This layer has traditionally been referred to as a laminar sublayer or roughness layer . Actually, in this layer molecular viscosity hardly plays a role and turbulent fluxes still occur, except very close to ground where the motion is primarily laminar. Within this layer, up to height Z0, turbulence is intermittent or not fully developed, therefore Z 0, can be interpreted as the eddy size at the surface. The surface layer (SL) From Z 0 to Z S , where Z S, varies from about 10 m to 200 m. In this layer, the fluxes of momentum, heat and moisture are assumed to be independent of height and the Coriolis effects is generally negligible. The transition (or Ekman) layer (TL) from Z S to Zi , where zi varies from about 100 m to 2 km. In special situations, such as during thunderstorms, the boundary layer can extend into the stratosphere.
Weakly stable lapse rate Nearly adiabatic Strongly stable lapse rate Subtle difference between convective mixed layer and residual layer: Turbulence is more vigorous in the former
5. SIMILARITY THEORY
Introduction:
It provides a way to organize and group the variables of interest in dimensionless groups in ABL Monin-Obukhov and Stull (1988) theory or surface-layer similarity theory is given here valid for surface layer
Vertical profiles of Velocity : A similarity study can be carried out to describe vertical profiles of turbulence statistics
in the ABL At fully developed conditions (horizontal homogeneity), the mean horizontal velocity is commonly described by a log profile in neutral conditions A neutral condition stands when thermal effects are negligible (3) Where, Z=vertical Height Z0= roughness height U= free velocity u = friction velocity K = 0.4,von Karman constant
As per theoretical considerations (Tennekes,1982) lead to assume the boundary layer to have depth proportional to u /f u = friction velocity f = Coriolis parameter=2 sin , = hearths rotational speed = Latitude The ABL height, in the case of neutral stratification ,can be expressed by equation (2) (1)
(2) C=0.25 ,yields boundary layer heights close to observed daytime heights
If Coriolis , friction and pressure gradients are responsible for the wind flow in the outer layer and free atmosphere, in the surface the Coriolis force looses its significance while roughness of the ground becomes a more significant parameter, acting both the velocity profile and the angle of incidence of wind at the ground level and the isobars
The first derivatives of the mean horizontal velocity is referred as the wind shear, which can be combined with ,z and u build a dimensionless group m
Vertical profiles of second moments of velocities (Reynolds stresses) (Stull,1988) The turbulent momentum flux for neutral boundary layer can be considered decreasing linearly with the heights z.
Turbulent Kinetic energy(TKE) which is normalized for vertical profiles ,is given (Grant,1986) =TKE
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Oke (1987)
Lecture 01 - Introduction
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6.2 Turbulence Modeling RANS based turbulence model are classified by the number of additional differential equations needed to close the original set of PDE some of turbulence model used to close the RANS are
In the additional transport equations two production terms do appear i.e. Gb ,Gk respectively the generation of TKE due to velocity gradients and buoyancies YM takes into accounts compressibity effects while the source term labeled with S For neutral ABL the generation due to buoyancies is negligible, as well as compressibility effects effects and therefore the two transport equations for K and can be simplified:
MODIFICATIONS OF k
two-equation k turbulence models for neutral conditions in atmospheric boundary layer (Nikola Mirkov, 2008)
In case of neutral ABL the values of constants proposed, Crasto et al. (2004) and Mandas et al. (2004), in order to produce a proper level of turbulence in proximity of the ground.
Numerical Modeling of Neutral and Stably Stratified Flow and Dispersion In Complex Terrain- David D. Apsley, B. A.
A three-dimensional finite-volume computer code (SWIFT) developed to predict ABL flow and dispersion over complex terrain A "limited-length-scale" k- model developed for ABL applications. The model successfully reproduces the Leipzig wind-speed profile and data from stable boundary-layer measurements at Cardington A code was validated by comparing the results of numerical simulation with measured results computational domain for hill: -200m<x-x, <2000m, -900m<v-vS<900m, O<z<300m The code SWIFT is a three-dimensional, finite volume, incompressible flow solver
Classifications of clouds
radiation
surface-atmosphere interactions
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GEWEX Cloud System Study(GCSS ) Boundary Layer Cloud Working Group (BLCWG),UK Objectives of the Working Group The GCSS (GEWEX Cloud System Study) Boundary Layer Cloud Working Group aims to improve physical parameterizations of clouds and cloud related processes, and their interactions. They conduct careful inter comparisons between observational or laboratory case studies, 3D large-eddy-simulation models, single-column-model (SCM) versions of climate and numerical weather prediction (NWP) models of cloud-topped boundary layers. Most of the leading groups modeling boundary layer clouds have participated in their annual workshops, held every 12-18 months. Large eddy simulation is used for modeling of cloud topped mixed layer or convective mixed boundary layer.
http://www.gewex.org/gcss.html
Stratified clouds
http://www.grin.com/en/doc/249380/on-the-mesoscale-structure-and-dynamics-of-precipitating-stratocumulus
Precipitation Processes during rainfall Most tropical precipitation falls as rain as expected since most of the surface and lower troposphere are above freezing. A typical raindrop has a radius of about 1 mm while typical cloud droplet radii are 10s of m.37 How do cloud droplets become raindrops? Cloud droplets do not grow large enough by condensation because the rate of growth of increase in droplet radius slows with time37 (Fig.9) Warm cloud droplets grow and form precipitation by the collision-coalescence process38 (Fig.10 ). Large droplets settle through small droplets and grow as small droplets collide and adhere to them. Fig.9
http://deved.meted.ucar.edu/tropical/textbook_2nd_edition/print_5.htm#page_3.7.1
Fig. (a) Saturation vapor pressure over water and ice as a function of temperature. (b) Conceptual model of precipitation in a cumulonimbus illustrating the BergeronFindiesen process in the mixed phase region and collision-coalescence in the warmcloud region.
Vapor pressure: The partial pressure of air that is exerted by water vapor (hPa or mb) Specific humidity: Mass of water vapor divided by the mass of air (g kg-1) Mixing ratio: Mass of water vapor divided by the mass of dry air (g kg-1) Dew point temperature: The temperature to which air must be cooled (at constant pressure and vapor content) for saturation to occur. The frost point temperature is similar except for saturation relative to ice (C/F/K) Relative humidity (RH): Ratio of specific humidity to saturation specific humidity. The amount of water vapor compared with the amount required for saturation (at a particular temperature and pressure). Saturation or equilibrium: Condition of the atmosphere when the evaporation rate is equal to the condensation rate. When air is saturated, the amount of water vapor is the maximum that can exist at a particular temperature and pressure. For more information on moisture parameters see the COMET Skew-T Mastery module at http://www.meted.ucar.edu/mesoprim/skewt/
10.References
PhD Thesis
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Giorgio Crasto, Numerical simulation of atmospheric boundary layer (2007) Mengsteab H Weldegaber , Investigation of stable and unstable boundary layer phenomena using observations and a numerical weather prediction model . ( 2009) David D. Apsley, B. A., Numerical Modelling of Neutral and Stably Stratified Flow and Dispersion In Complex Terrain,1995 Andreas Bechmann, Large Eddy Simulation of Atmospheric flow over complex Terrain (2006)Denmark Verica Savic-Jovcic, On the meso-scale structure and dynamics of precipitating stratocumulus (2008) Los Angeles, California
Books:
1. 2. 3. 4. G.J. Steeneveld, Understanding and Prediction of Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layers over Land, (2007) K. WENDELL HEWSON, METEOROLOGY THEORETICAL AND APPLIED (1943),Johan & Willey Publication Panofsky, H., Dutton, and J., 1984, Atmospheric Turbulence, Wiley, NewYork. Sorbjan, Z., The Large-Eddy Simulations of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer. Chapter 5B of AIR QUALITY MODELING - Theories, Methodologies, Computational Techniques, and Available Databases and Software. Vol. II Advanced Topics (2004) Dr. Arlene Laing, Dr. Jenni-Louise Evans, Introduction to Tropical Meteorology 2nd Edition A Comprehensive Online & Print Textbook Version 2.a, December 2010 ( http://deved.meted.ucar.edu/tropical/textbook_2nd_edition/index.htm )
5.
Journals
1. 2. 3. American Meteorological Society(AMS) Journals online http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI-3316.1 Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
2. http://deved.meted.ucar.edu/tropical/textbook_2nd_edition/print_5.htm
4.
Bert Blockena,Ted Stathopoulosb, Jan Carmelieta, CFD simulation of the atmospheric boundary layer:wall function problems,2007 5. BRANKO KOSOVIC AND JUDITH A. CURRY, A Large Eddy Simulation Study of a Quasi-Steady, Stably Stratified Atmospheric Boundary Layer,vol7,1998 6. Leanderson M.S.Paiva a, GustavoC.R.Bodstein b, , WallaceF.Menezes c , Numerical simulation of atmospheric boundary layer flow over isolated and vegetated hills using RAMS ,2009 7. Yan Yang a,*, Yaping Shao b , Numerical simulations of flow and pollution dispersion in urban atmospheric boundary layers ,2007 8. Yan Yang a,*, Yaping Shao b , Numerical simulations of flow and pollution dispersion in atmospheric boundary layers ,2007 9. N. Mandas, F. Cambuli, G.Castro, Numerical simulation of Atmospheric Boundary layer (ABL) over complex terrain ,2008 10. F. T. M. NIEUWSTADT, A LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION OF A LINE SOURCE IN A CONVECTIVE ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER--II. DYNAMICS OF A BUOYANT LINE SOURCE,1990 11. f. cctusrwxr , ADIABATIC ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY L.AYERS: A REVlEW AND ANALYSlS OF DATA FROM THE PERlOD 1 SW1972 ,1974 12. J.E. Wagner a, , F. Angelini b, M. Blumthaler c, M. Fitzka a, G.P. Gobbi b, R. Kift d, A. Kreuter c, H.E. Rieder e, S. Simic a, A. Webb d, P. Weihs a, Investigation of the 3-D actinic flux field in mountainous terrain ,2010
Literature on cloud/fog-ABL
1. 2. P. Kollias , Boundary Layer Cloud Climatology at the ARM TWP Nauru Site ,1975 Alan K. Betts, Land-surface, boundary layer, and cloud-field coupling over the southwestern Amazon in ERA-40 ,2005 3. Andreas Chlond, Georg Buml, Frank Mller, Frank Nober, Using Large-Eddy Simulation as a Tool to develop Cloud Parameterizations for larger-scale Models ,2005 4. S. Kumar and C. E. Brennen , NONLINEAR EFFECTS IN CAVITATION CLOUD DYNAMICS ,1980 5. A. Khain a,), M. Ovtchinnikov b, M. Pinsky a, A. Pokrovsky a, H. Krugliak , Notes on the state-of-the-art numerical modeling of cloud microphysics ,2000 6. Hans Burchard a,*, Peter D. Craig b, Johannes R. Gemmrich c, Hans van Haren d, Pierre-Philippe Mathieu e, H.E. Markus Meier f, W. Alex M. Nimmo Smith g, Hartmut Prandke h, Tom P. Rippeth i, Eric D. Skyllingstad j, William D. Smyth j, David J.S. Welsh k,1, Hemantha W. Wijesekera , Observational and numerical modeling methods for quantifying coastal ocean turbulence and mixing ,2008 7. Gunilla Svensson 1 and John H. Seinfeld , SIMULATIONS OF MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER CLOUDS WITH A COUPLED AEROSOL-CLOUD MODEL, 1997 8. Rico Project, LES of wind ABL 9. THIERRY BERGOT,* ENRIC TERRADELLAS, JOAN CUXART,# ANTONI MIRA,# OLIVIER LIECHTI,MATHIAS MUELLER,& AND NIELS WOETMANN NIELSEN** Intercomparison of Single-Column Numerical Models for the Prediction of Radiation Fog,2005 10. I. R. VAN DER VELDE AND G. J. STEENEVELD, Modeling and Forecasting the Onset and Duration of Severe Radiation Fog under Frost Conditions ,2010