REPRODUCTION

MODES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS

What Is Reproduction ?
Production of new generation of individual of the same species is called reproduction. It is most important and one of the fundamental Characterstics of all living organisms. Through reproduction organism are able to transmit genetic material from one generation to next . This ensures the survival of the species for long period of time even if individual die.

Types of Reproduction
1. 2. 3. Asexual One organism involved No gamete production Offspring produced are identical to the parents. 4. Identical offsprings from single parent are called clone. 5. No variations arises Sexual 1. Two organisms are involved 2. Production of gametes. 3. Gamete fuse to form zygote. 4. Zygote develop into new individual. 5. It leads to genetic variations.

Asexual Reproduction
A single parent is involved. It is common in unicellular organisms. The method of reproduction in which gametes don't take part(no fertilization)

Modes of Asexual reproduction

 Fission  Budding  Spore formation  Regeneration  Vegetative Propagation

Fission
In this process nucleus of an organism divides into two which is further followed by division of cytoplasm Fission is classified into two types. 1. Binary fission 2. Multiple fission

Binary Fission in Amoeba

Multiple fission
In this single parent cell divide into many daughter individuals. This mode of reproduction occurs during unfavorable condition . E.g. . Plasmodium ( Malarial parasite), Chlamydomonas, many algae.

Budding
The type of reproduction which takes place by bud formation on parent body. E.g.. Hydra & Yeast.

Spore formation
It is a common method of asexual. reproduction in lower organisms like fungi(Rhizopus) ,bacteria, algae. In fungi like Rhizopus a bomb like develops on the tip of hypha called sporangium . It contains many spores that can develop into new individuals.

Spore Formation

Vegetative propagation by stem

Regeneration
Some organisms have an ability to replace their lost body parts. Very small piece of of Hydra or Planaria

Vegetative Propagation
When any vegetative part of a plant (root ,stem or leaves give rise to new plant body is called vegetative propagation.

By leaves: Bryophyllum By Stem : Onion & Potato By Root: Sweet potato

Vegetative Propagation by leaves

Advantages of vegetative propagation

It is a cheaper , rapid and easier method. Plants which do not produce seeds can be propagated by this method. The plants produces by this method bear flowers and fruits earlier. The plants produced by this method are genetically identical to the parent plant .

Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

1. During asexual reproduction, parent cell divide into genetically identical cells. In this case only one individual is required. 2. Genetically identical offsprings can be produced. 3. It enables easy dispersal of a species.\ 4. Rapid multiplication takes place. For ex Bacteria.

Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

1. Genetically identical offsprings are produced, no variations are observed and no new species are formed. 2. Due to rapid dispersal spores not finding a suitable place to grow. Hence rate of mortality is more. 3. As a result of over crowdedness, individual may die due to limited supply of food and shelter.

Recapitulation
What is fission? Name the types of fission. Differentiate between binary fission and multiple fission. Define vegetative propagation. What are clones? What do you mean by budding? Define the term: Karyokinesis and cytokinesis. Name the organism which reproduce by both binary and multiple fission.

 Plants like Bryophyllum bear adventitious buds on their. In Rhizopus asexual reproduction takes place byformation In Sweet Potato, vegetative propagation takes place through Vegetative propagation through budding occurs in. Genetically similar offsprings are produced by asexual reproduction (T/F)