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Organic acids example Acetic acid Formic acid Lactic acid Malic acid Citric acid Tannic acid Tartaric acid Source Vinegar Ants Sour milk Young apple Limes Tea grapes Inorganic acids (mineral acid) example Nitric acid Hydrochloric acid Source laboratories laboratories
DIFFERENCES
ORGANIC ACID Living things ORIGINAL (plant & animal) SOURCE Weak acids Less corrosive INORGANIC ACID Rocks & mineral
It has a sour taste It has a pH value of below 7 It turns blue litmus paper to red It is corrosive It contains hydrogen. All or part of the hydrogen can be displaced by a suitable metal, e.g. zinc and magnesium. 6) It reacts with a carbonate to release carbon dioxide. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
Acids
Things with a sour taste contain acids.
lemon contains citric acid
Acids
Bodies of some animals (or insects) contain acids.
common laboratory acids: hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid and nitric acid
ACID
Hydrochloric acids
USES
Used to removed rust Used in toilet cleansing agents. Used in car batteries Used in making fertilisers and plastic
Sulphuric acid
ACID
Carbonic acid Citric acid Ascorbic acid Benzoic acid
USES
Used in making fizzy drinks Used in fruit juices and health salts Used making vitamin C Used as preservative, e.g. in sauces
1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
It has a bitter taste It has a pH value of above 7 It turns red litmus paper to blue It is slippery and corrosive It reacts with an ammonium salt to release carbon ammonia gas.
ALKALI
Potassium hydroxide
USES
Used to make soap and detergent Used to dye cloth Used to make soap, detergents, pulp and paper Used in toothpaste and milk of magnesia
Sodium hydroxide
Magnesium hydroxide
ALKALI
Calcium chloride
USES
Used in making cement, mortar and glass Used to correct the acidity of water in water treatment plants Used to make fertilisres and agents for cleaning glass panes Used to prevent coagulation of latex
Ammonia solution
Alkalis
Things with a slippery feel contain alkalis.
soap
common laboratory alkalis: sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and ammonia solution
Examples of other natural indicators include brightcoloured flowers, vegetables, berries, and etc.
Indicator turns into different colours when it is added to different substances. Each colour corresponds to a pH value between 0 and 14.
Acids
Neutral
pH colour chart
Alkalis
For accurate pH values, 1) pH meter pH value is indicated on the meter when the electrode is simply dipped into a solution 2) pH sensor pH value is read from the monitor when connected to a computer
10
11
12
13
14
Strong acids and alkalis are corrosive, therefore more harmful. Weak acids and alkalis are safe to eat or touch.
What is
Neutralisation???
Definition:
Solutions that are neither acidic nor alkaline are said to be neutral (pH 7). They can be formed by adding the right amount of alkali to acid. During neutralisation, two new substances are formed. Acid + Alkali Salt + Water
Acids neutralise alkalis When mixed with metals, hydrogen gas is produced When mixed with substances called carbonates, carbon dioxide gas is produced