needed for one subscriber to interconnect with any other in that network.

and then gives the local switch the data necessary to identify the required distant subscriber and hence to route the call properly. It also of the call along its path. ,

Signaling also gives the subscriber certain such as , and . may also be considered a form of signaling.

There are several classifications of signaling:

A functional breakdown of signaling.

is provided between modern switching machines by

The

is provided by

The functions inform the calling subscriber regarding The informs the called subscriber of a call waiting or an extended offhook condition of his or her handset. Dial tone, Busy tone, Ring back Ringing, Paging, Off-hook warning

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SUPERVISORY SIGNALING
the whether a or whether a

How do we know the difference between supervisory and dialing? Primarily by durationThe

and is

( which is transmitted in the same direction for a longer duration

The switch is sensitized to duration to distinguish between supervisory and dialing of a subscriber loop.

SUPERVISORY SIGNALING
E and M Signaling is particularly with E-lead and M-lead signaling systems are semantically derived from historical designation of signaling leads on circuit drawings covering these systems between the and what we may call (signaling interface). which carries signals to the switching equipment ,

E and M Signaling

E and M signaling

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Each of these can derive the four E and M signaling states.

Low-Frequency AC Signaling Systems

An ac signaling system operating are termed low frequency. Low-frequency signaling systems are typically 50 Hz, 80 Hz, 135 Hz, or 200 Hz It is such systems because of the excessive distortion and band limitation introduced.

In-Band Signaling
to signaling systems using an signaling information. , or , to convey

Single frequency and two-frequency signaling systems utilize the 2000to 3000-Hz portion, where less speech energy is concentrated.

Single-frequency signaling: In-band

Single-Frequency Signaling.

Functional block diagram of a single-frequency signaling circuit

Two-Frequency Signaling Two-frequency signaling is used for both and .

systems is

The term

while

, supervision is by necessity ; otherwise subscribers would have an annoying 2600-Hz tone on throughout the call.

Two-Frequency Signaling

which refers to the by an inadvertent sequence of voice tones through the normal use of the channel.

,a tones may be used.

to bypass signaling

A typical 2VF line signaling arrangement is the where and

Out-of-Band Signaling
With out-of-band signaling,

The advantage of out-of-band signaling is that either system, , may be used when Talk-down cannot occur because all supervisory information is passed out of band , The preferred CCITT out-of-band frequency is whereas is commonly used in the United States.

Out-of band signaling is used exclusively on carrier systems (FDM), not on wire trunks.

Out-of-Band Signaling Out-of-band signaling is one method of

The major advantage of out-of-band signaling is that , whether , during the entire telephone conversation.

Out-of-Band Signaling

Single-frequency signaling: out-of-band.

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ADDRESS SIGNALING: INTRODUCTION

Two-Frequency Pulse Signaling Two-frequency signaling is commonly used as an employing the transmission of information.

for the

It may also be used for

uses .

and

to represent

It uses a four element code, permitting 16 different coded characters.

CCITT Signal Code System No. 4

Sending duration of binary elements 35 7 ms. Sending duration of blank elements between binary elements 35 7 ms. Element x is 2040 Hz; element y is 2400 Hz.

Two-Frequency Pulse Signaling

with the

code is based on .

Each line signal consists of an followed by a

The P signal consists of both frequencies (2VF), and the suffix signal consists of one frequency, where and

CCITT No. 4 Line Signaling

Multifrequency Signaling

It is an

utilizing

Multifrequency signaling works equally well over

SOCOTEL
is an used principally in France, areas of French influence, and Spain with some modifications. may be dc, 50 Hz, or 2000 Hz. The same frequencies are used in both directions.
Basic SOCOTEL MF Signaling Code

Multifrequency Signaling in North America: The R-1 Code

system principally used in the is recognized by the
The R-1 Codea (North American MF)

It is pulse system.

frequency-

are provided by combinations using a

CCITT No. 5 Signaling Code.

Interregister signaling with the CCITT No. 5 code is very
CCITT No. 5 Codea Showing Variations with R-1 Code

Line signaling for CCITT No. 5 code is 2VF, with f1 2400 Hz and f2 2600 Hz CCITT No. 5 Line-Signaling Code

The R-2 Code The R-2 code is listed by CCITT ( as a

Taking full advantage of combinations of , This number is doubled in each direction by having meaning and

European R-2 System, Address Signaling, DTMF Code

Line Conditions for R-2 Code

Subscriber Tones and Push-Button Codes (North America) in many places in the world are either dial or push button. is more versatile, and more rapid dialing can be accomplished by a subscriber.
North American Push-Button Codes

Audible Tones Commonly Used in North America

(Call-progress tones presented to the subscriber)

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41

*Postdialing delay
An important factor to be considered in switching system design that and is directly affects both

This is the amount of time it takes after the calling subscriber completes is received. dialing until

Register occupancy time

Another important consideration is as the setup proceeds from originating exchange to terminating exchange. By reducing register occupancy per call, we may be able to .

Link-by-link signaling oLink-by-link signaling may be defined as a signaling system where must be oThe R-1 system is an example of link-by-link signaling. End-to-end signaling oEnd-to-end signaling abbreviates the process such that tandem/ transit exchanges receive only the

oThe only between the exchange in the call setup.

need be exchange and the

Thus the signaling process may be carried out much more rapidly, . Intervening exchanges on the call route next exchange in the sequence. , to the

Leading register: oThe key to end-to-end signaling is the concept of leading register. that routing until a speech path is set before releasing to prepare for another call setup.

345-6789

345-6789

34

45 6789

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, the assignment and use of telephone numbers,

There can be two types of numbering schemes:

1. Uniform numbering Uniform numbering can Most based on in the nontoll or local-area case are , although some are based on six.

1. The

with the call because it "knows when the last digit has been

received. 2. Knowing the number of digits to expect provides and makes simpler. 1. Nonuniform numbering For nonuniform numbering, built in. It is the initial digit or digits that will tell how many digits are to follow, at least in theory. With nonuniform numbering, an across a network up to the terminating exchange, and the call setup is released only after time out has run its course.

With nonuniform numbering systems, national and international networks are better with good features of backward information, such as the R-2 system.

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50

Conventional analog associated channel signaling (upper drawing) versus separate channel signaling (lower drawing). ; . CCS = common channel signaling such as CCITT Signaling System No. 7.

Separate channel signaling may or may not go on that same medium or path. The European PCM system called E1 uses this type of signaling One separate digital channel covers all supervisory signaling for 30 traffic channels. If it travels on the same medium and path as its associated traffic channels, it is still associated channel signaling. That separate channel can follow a different path using, perhaps, different media. CCITT Signaling System No. 7 is always a separate channel, but can be associated or disassociated.