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This phylum has considered the largest phylum of pseudocoelomates and one of the most widespread and abundant groups of animals. They occur in, enormous numbers in marine and fresh water bottom sediments and in the water films around soil particles. The phylum includes many parasitic species, exhibiting all degrees of parasitism on both plant and animal hosts. Food crops, domestic animals and humans are parasitized by many species and consequently roundworms are of tremendous economic and medical importance. Most free-living nematodes are less than a millimeter in length. While parasitic nematodes may also be minute, species parasitic in the gut of vertebrates may attain much larger sizes.
6. The musculature is well developed, composed only of longitudinal fibers, no circular. 7. The mouth opens into a buccal cavity, which may be provided with teeth or a stylet. The buccal cavity is connected to a tubular muscular esophagus. The remainder of the gut, a long straight intestine, is the site of digestion and absorption. 8. Nematodes have no respiratory organs or circulatory systems, where transport of dissolved substances from the digestive tract by means of the fluids in pseudocoel. 9. The excretory system consists of few cells or renettes and two canals located in the lateral lines. 10. The nervous system is composed of a circum-esophageal nerve ring from which arise six short anterior trunks and six long posterior trunks.
11. The nematodes are diocieous, i.e. sexes are separate, their genital organs are usually thread- like and they produce eggs with tough resistant coverings. 12. The life cycle is direct, and rarely indirect as in filarial.
Classification of Nemathelminthes:
Phylum Nemathelminthes is usually divided into two classes and several orders, as well as the other categories. However, we will record the classes and the mostly important orders:
a- Order Dorylamida:
This order includes free- living members live in soil, marine or fresh water. Some of which live as plant-parasitic forms.
b- Order Trichurida:
a- Order Rhabditida:
Most memberts of this order are plant-parasitic forms. Small in size with fusiform shape. Females of some species are swollen. The body is annulated. The mouth is provided with stomatostylet. The esophagus is tribulboid. Female reproductive system paired or single, while the male reproductive system is single. Bursa; spicules are present.
c- Order Ascaridida:
Excretory system is primitive and consists of 1 or 2 glands or excretory canals Excretory pore is anterior. Reproductive system consists of tubular organs lying in the pseudocoelom. FEMALE nematodes are larger in size. The female reproductive organs are doubled.
esophageal nerve ring and 2 or 4 longitudinal nerve trunks extending the length of the nematode.
In both the male and female systems, the tubular organs are continuous and increase in diameter as they extend to the genital opening. When viewed in cross-section, the organs are histologically distinct.
Male
Female
2. The adult worms share the infected animals their digested foods such
matter leads to weaken the animals. 3. Presence of the adult worms in large numbers may block the intestine of the host and this may be fatal. 4. The infected animals lose their appetite for food.
When an animal host has swallowed infested food with ascarid eggs, which normally contain second stage larvae, the outer covers are digested in the host intestine and the larvae are released. The released larvae burrow into the intestinal mucosa, penetrate a blood vessel moving in a strange route, via through heart; lungs, trachea, pharynx and then to intestine. During this route the larvae molt two times and undergo their final molt and become mature within the intestine. By feeding on digested food the larvae become larger and attain maturity. Coupling is then occurred and females deposite eggs.
live in ________
2. Female releases 200,000
moist shady soil and _________stages are passed within the egg.
infective stage and is ingested by a human. L3 hatches from egg in the duodenum, penetrates the duodenum, enters the circulation, travels through the heart, and reaches the
5-_____________ via the
pulmonary circulation.
6. In the lungs, the L3 molts
to the L4 stage.
where they molt to the adult stage. Become mature in 2 months. Migratory phase (time from ingestion of the L3 in egg until L4 reach the small intestine) is about 25 days.
Life cycle:
The life cycle is complicated in both its preparasitic and parasitic phases. In the preparasitic phase L3s develop inside the eggs at which time they may hatch. Earthworms play an important role in the life cycle, serving as transport (paratenic) hosts.
Larvae have been shown to remain viable for more than three years encapsulated in earthworm muscles. Other invertebrates may also serve as paratenic hosts and these include terrestrial snails and slugs as well as the larvae of Musca domestica (the common house fly) the parasitic phase involves substantial migration in the definitive host to reach the predilection site. There is also evidence to suggest that strains of Syngamus trachea from wild bird reservoir hosts may be more infective for domestic birds if they first pass through an earthworm transport host rather than by direct infections via ingestion of L3s or eggs containing L3s.
Pathogenesis:
Young birds are most severely affected with migration of larvae and adults through the lungs causing a severe pneumonia. Lymphoid nodules form at the point of attachment of the worms in the bronchi and trachea. Adult worms appear also to be blood suckers. Worms in the bronchi and trachea provoke a hemorrhagic tracheitis and bronchitis with formation of large quantities of mucus, plugging the air passages and, in severe cases, causing asphyxiation. Pheasants appear to be particularly susceptible to Syngamus infections resulting in mortality rates as high as 25% during outbreaks. Earthworm transport hosts are important factors in the transmission of Syngam us trachea where poultry and game birds are reared on soil. The longevity of L3s in earthworms (up to 3 years) is particularly important in perpetuating the infection from year to year.
The lower populations in the cooler regions are no doubt due to both, to the effect of cold temperature on nematode reproduction rates and to the limited feeding period brought by shorter growing seasons.
plants. 2) The infected plants become stunted with yellowish and small-sized leaves. 3) The root system does not utilize water and nutrients giving wilting appearance to the infected plants. 4) Heavily infection causes in reducing the plant yield.
After hatching the second stage larvae, which considered the infective: stage, move actively till find. Rootless of a host plant. They readily penetrate the root tissue and start in feeding on cell contents. Once the nematode penetrates the tissues, it localizes in the feeding site and becomes a sedentary stage. Each ' larva feeds on the head surrounding cells, which known as giant cells. The giant cell which considered as a feeding site unit characterized by large size and Multinucleation. Normally the anterior end of each nematode has inserted within a feeding site consisted of 3-6 giant cells. Gradual change in the shape of the larvae to undergo pear- shaped by the fourth stage. Then the fourth molt occurs and the nematode sexes differentiated. The adult females have the pear-shape, while males shed from the fifth stage larvae with a vermiform shape. The females deposit eggs parthenogenetically in the gelatinous matrices. The males have no role in the nematode life cycle, as they either stay in roots or migrate to soil. The hatched larvae from deposited eggs migrate to soil to penetrate other rootlets repeating the nematode life cycle.
2- Cultivation of resistant crop cultivars. 3- Agricultural practices reduce, the nematode counts (like ploughing
and aeration of soil, solarization, flooding, weed eliminationetc.).
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2011/2012