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Species
Is a Latin word meaning “kind” or
“appearance”
Anagenesis vs.Cladogenesis
(microevolution vs.macroevolution)
Anagenesis evolution
within a population that
results in variation but
no speciation
Cladogenesis
evolution within a
population that leads to
new species over time
21.1
(a) Anagenesis (b) Cladogenesis
Biological Species
a population whose members can
interbreed and produce
Slide 4 fertile offspring
but are unable to produce fertile
offspring with members of other
populations
South Rim
Under what conditions will it not work?
21.2
Similarity between different species. The eastern
meadowlark (Sturnella magna, left) and the western
meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta, right) have similar
body shapes and colorations. Nevertheless, they are
distinct biological species because their songs and other
behaviors are different enough to prevent interbreeding
should they meet in the wild.
21.2
Barriers to Mating Between
Organisms (prezygotic barriers)
Habitat isolation different habitats prevent
mating
Behavioral isolation different behaviors
prevent mating
Temporal isolation mate at different times of
year
Gametic isolation sperm/egg incompatibility
Mechanical isolation unable to mate
21.3
Production of Unfit
Offspring (postzygotic barriers)
Offspring have reduced viability (they
don’t live long)
Offspring are infertile or their offspring
are infertile
21.3
What is the result of these barriers?
How can speciation occur?
Speciation can occur in two ways
Allopatric speciation
Sympatric speciation
(a) (b)
A. harrisi A. leucurus
21.4
Sympatric (“Same
Country”) Speciation
In sympatric speciation
Speciation takes place in geographically
overlapping populations
Caused by polyploidy an individual with
an extra set of chromosomes (4n instead of 2n)
21.4
Adaptive Radiation
the evolution of diversely adapted species
from a common ancestor upon introduction to
new environmental opportunities
Dubautia waialealae
21.5
Dubautia scabra Dubautia linearis
The Tempo of Speciation
The fossil record
Includes many episodes in which new species
appear suddenly in a geologic stratum, persist
essentially unchanged through several strata,
and then apparently disappear
Punctuated equilibrium
describes these periods of apparent stasis
punctuated by sudden change
21.6
The punctuated
equilibrium model
Contrasts with a
model of gradual
change throughout a
species’ existence
Time
(a) Gradualism model. Species (b) Punctuated equilibrium
descended from a common model. A new species
ancestor gradually diverge changes most as it buds
more and more in their from a parent species and
morphology as they acquire then changes little for the
unique adaptations. rest of its existence.
21.6
Macroevolutionary change
Is the cumulative change during
thousands of small speciation episodes
How do complex
structures evolve?
The eye has had
Pigmented cells
(photoreceptors) Pigmented
cells
similar functions
Epithelium
their evolution
(a) Patch of pigmented cells. (b) Eyecup. The slit shell
The limpet Patella has a simple mollusc Pleurotomaria
patch of photoreceptors. has an eyecup. Cornea
Fluid-filled cavity Cellular
fluid
Epithelium (lens)
Optic Pigmented
nerve layer (retina) Optic nerve
(c) Pinhole camera-type eye. (d) Eye with primitive lens. The
The Nautilus eye functions Cornea marine snail Murex has
like a pinhole camera a primitive lens consisting of a mass of
(an early type of camera crystal-like cells. The cornea is a
lacking a lens). transparent region of epithelium
Lens (outer skin) that protects the eye
and helps focus light.
Retina
(e) Complex camera-type eye. The squid Loligo has a complex
21.7
eye whose features (cornea, lens, and retina), though similar to
those of vertebrate eyes, evolved independently.
Evolution of the Genes That
Control Development
Genes that program development
Control the rate, timing, and spatial pattern
of changes in an organism’s form as it
develops into an adult
21.8
Allometric growth
Is the genetically controlled proportioning
that helps give a body its specific form
21.8
Different allometric
patterns
Contribute to the contrasting shapes of
human and chimpanzee skulls
21.8
Human fetus Human adult