ITI Basics - 2-09

Are you using the right CT's and PT's for your application?
John Levine, P.E. Levine Lectronics and Lectric E-mail: John@L-3.com GE Multilin/ Instrument Transformers, Inc.
1
GE Multilin Instrument Transformers, Inc.
Current & Voltage Transformer Basics (IEEE Standards)
Agenda
Current Transformers Voltage Transformers Required Information for Specifying CTs & VTs Take Home Rules for CTs & VTs Configure Tool for CTs and VTs Products and tour of Plant Applications where used FT Switches Configure Tool for FT Switches
3
Why use Instrument Transformers?
Circuit Isolation Reduce voltage and currents to reasonable working levels. Phasor combinations for summing and measuring power
4
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS & VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS

TYPES OF C.T. AND V.T. CONSTRUCTION The most common type of C.T. construction is the `DOUGHNUT' type. It is constructed of an iron toroid, which forms the core of the transformer, and is wound with secondary turns.
Secondary Winding Primary Conductor
Iron Core
Transformer ratio (TR)

Transformer Ratio = Primary Current ___________________ __ Secondary Current
Secondary Current (5 amps) 100 ___ = 100:5 or 20:1 5
6
Primary Current (100 amps)
Polarity
Direction of Primary Current Primary IEEE Polarity IEC Marks
X1 S1 H1 P1
Direction of Secondary Current IEEE Secondary IEC Polarity Marks
Remember: Primary current into polarity = Secondary current out of polarity

7
Polarity
X1 S1 H1 P1
Direction of Secondary Current IEEE Secondary IEC Polarity Marks
Primary IEEE Polarity IEC Marks
Remember: Primary current into non-polarity = Secondary current out of nonpolarity
Direction of Primary Current
G30 typical wiring
What is your application?

If your application is metering , how high do I need to go in current? 2 times ? If your application is protective relaying, how high do I need to go in current? 20 times ?
10
CT Rating Factor (RF) -- IEEE

Rated current x (RF) = Maximum continuous current carrying capability: Without exceeding temperature limits Without loss of published accuracy class Typical rating factors -- 1.0, 1.33, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0
11
CT Rating Factor (RF) -- IEEE

0.60
IEEE C57.13 Accuracy 0.3% @ BX.X RF 4.0

0.6% Accuracy
Accuracy Class - %
0.30
Region
0.3% Accuracy Region 200% 300% 400%
10% 0.30
100%
0.60 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

12
Rating Factor
Short-Time Thermal Current Rating

One (1) second thermal rating Expressed as value of RMS primary current Main influencing factor: CT primary & secondary wire size Can be converted to thermal rating for any time period (t) up to five (5) seconds: I1-sec t
13
CT Metering Accuracy
Actual secondary current
Rated secondary current
Difference in % is known as the Accuracy of the CT

14
IEEE CT Metering Accuracy

Accuracy Class ( * ) 0.15 0.15S 0.3 0.6 1.2 Application High Accuracy Metering Special High Accuracy Metering Revenue Metering Indicating Instruments Indicating Instruments
15
* All accuracy classes defined by IEEE C57.13 or C57.13.6 * Accuracy classes include both ratio & phase angle error

Burden
Load connected to CT secondary Includes devices & connecting leads Expressed in ohms Standard values = B0.1, B0.2, B0.5, B0.9, B1.8
All burdens defined by IEEE C57.13 or C57.13.6 for 60 Hz only
16
E0.04, E0.2

Standard IEEE CT Burdens (5 Amp) (Per IEEE Std. C57.13-1993 & C57.13.6)
Application Burden Designation B0.1 B0.2 B0.5 B0.9 B1.8 E0.2 E0.04 Impedance (Ohms) 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.9 1.8 0.2 0.04 VA @ 5 amps 2.5 5 12.5 22.5 45 5 1 Power Factor 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0
17
Metering
CT CLASSIFICATION for Metering A current transformer for metering purposes may typically have an accuracy of 0.3%. The C.T. must maintain this accuracy for normal load currents, provided the rated burden on the C.T. is not exceeded. It is quite acceptable, and in fact desirable, for the C.T. to saturate when fault current flows. The accuracy for a typical metering C.T. is specified as: 0.3 M 0.9
O.3%
METERING
O.9 OHMS BURDEN

18
This metering C.T. has an accuracy of 0.3% when the GE Multilin connected burden does not exceed 0.9 OHMS. Instrument Transformers, Inc.

Accuracy expressed as:
Accuracy Class
(0.3, 0.6, 1.2) (*) (B0.1, B0.2, B0.5, B0.9, B1.8) E0.2, E0.04) Typical Examples
+ Burden (Ohms) = 0.3B0.2

0.6B0.9 1.2B1.8 0.15E0.2
(0.15*, 0.15S^)
* Accuracy class is stated at 100% rated current * At 10% rated current, twice the error is allowed (5% for 0.15 class) ^ Accuracy class is stated at 100% to 5% rated current
19

0.60
IEEE C57.13 Accuracy 0.3 @ BX.X; RF 4.0

0.6% Accuracy Region
Accuracy Class - %
0.30
0.3% Accuracy Region 200% 300% 400%
10% 0.30
100%
No accuracy guaranteed at current levels less than 10% 0.60 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
20
Rating Factor

CT Parallelogram IEEE C57.13
0.3 class parallelogram 100% 10%
0.6 class parallelogram
Note: Burden must be specified
Out of 0.3% Class

21

CT Parallelogram IEEE C57.13
0.3 class parallelogram 100% 0.6 class parallelogram Note: Burden must be specified 10%
Corrected to 0.3% Class

22

0.60
IEEE C57.13.6 Accuracy 0.15 @ E0.04, E0.20; 0.15 @ BX.X; RF4.0

0.15% Accuracy Region 0.3% Accuracy 5% Region 100%
Accuracy Class - %
0.30 0.15
200%
300%
400%
0.15 0.30 No accuracy guaranteed at current levels less than 5%
0.60
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
23
Rating Factor

0.60
IEEE C57.13.6 Accuracy 0.15S @ E0.04, E0.20; 0.15S @ BX.X, RF4.0

0.15% Accuracy Region
Accuracy Class - %
0.30 0.15 5% 0.15 0.30 No accuracy guaranteed at current levels less than 5% 100%
200%
300%
400%
0.60
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
24
Rating Factor
IEEE CT Relay Accuracy

Standard Relay Accuracy Classes
C or T100 C or T200 C or T400 C or T800
25
What do these mean?

Relay class (C or T___ ) designates minimum secondary terminal volts At 20 times rated current Without exceeding 10% ratio error Into a maximum specified burden
Now that everyone is totally confused lets look at some simple examples GE Multilin Instrument Transformers, Inc.
26
CT CLASSIFICATION for RELAYING

Protection Class CTs - Must supply 20 times rated current
Format
10 C 400
Accuracy
Letter
Voltage at 20 times CT
T = Determined by test C = Calculated K = Calculated L = Low internal secondary impedance H = High internal secondary impedance
27

C or T100 example
Terminal Volts = 100
X1 X2
Secondary current 100 amps (20 x 5) Burden of Devices (:)
Primary current 24,000 amps (20 x 1200)
CT 1200:5 C or T100
Burden of Leads (:)
Total Ext Burden 1.0 :
Terminal Volts = (20 times rated) (Total external burden) 100 Volts = (100 amps) (1.0 : )
28

C or T200 example
Terminal Volts = 200
X1 X2
Secondary current 100 amps (20 x 5) Burden of Devices (:)
Primary current 24,000 amps (20 x 1200)
CT 1200:5 C or T200
Burden of Leads (:)
Total Ext Burden 2.0 :
Terminal volts = (20 times rated) (Total external burden) 200 Volts = (100 amps) (2.0 : )
29

Standard IEEE CT Burdens (5 Amp)
(Per IEEE Std. C57.13-1993)
Application Burden Designation B1 B2 B4 B8 Impedance (Ohms) 1 2 4 8 VA @ 5 amps 25 50 100 200 Power Factor 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Relaying
30

Excitation curve includes voltage required to overcome internal resistance (DCR) of CT. Approximately 32 volts.
10% ratio error = (20 x 5) (10%) = (100) (0.10) = 10 amps How many terminal volts would you estimate this CT can produce?
31
CT Burden Calculation
How do we calculate this?
Secondary current Burden of Devices (:) CT Total Burden ZT
X1 X2
Primary Current
Burden of Leads (:)
32
CT Burden Calculation
ZT = RCT + RL + ZB
ZT = Total burden in ohms (vector summation of resistance and inductance components) RCT (DCR) RL = Resistance of leads in ohms (Total loop distance) ZB = Device impedance in ohms Assumption: 3 phase CTs are Y connected
33
CT secondary resistance in ohms @75 deg C
GE Multilin Electronic Relay Burden
VA = VI. V= IR, So 0.2 = I*I*R. .2/25 = .008 ohms

34
100:5 C.T. Secondary Winding Resistance = .062 ohm Resistance of Cable from C.T. to Relay and back = .1 ohms Resistance of Relay Coil = .02 ohms Total Resistance = .182 ohms
.062 .1
.02
If we have a fault of 2,000 amps and the C.T. ratio is 100:5 then the C.T. secondary current is 100 amps. Therefore we must be able to produce a total voltage of 100 amps x .182 ohms = 18.2 Volts. To prevent CT saturation, select a CT with a knee point above 18.2 Volts.
35
780-102 is a 1000 to 5 CT, Class C100 1000:5 C.T. Secondary Winding Resistance = .32 ohm Resistance of Cable from C.T. to Relay and back = .1 ohms Resistance of Relay Coil = .008 ohms Total Resistance = .428 ohms .32 .1 .008
If we have a fault of 20,000 amps and the C.T. ratio is 1000:5 then the C.T. secondary current is 100 amps. Therefore we must be able to produce a total voltage of 100 amps x .428 ohms = 42.8 Volts. To prevent CT saturation, select a CT with a knee point above 42.8 Volts. What happens if the fault current is 35,000 amps?
36
Factors Influencing CT Accuracy

Frequency
Low frequency and High accuracy are not friends!!
Current Ratio
Low ratio and high accuracy are not friends!!
Burden
High burden and High Accuracy are not friends!!
37
Tips for Avoiding CT Saturation

Use higher ratio CTs Use separate set of high ratio CTs for high fault current tripping Reduce secondary burden Select low burden relays & meters Distribute single phase burdens among phases Increase size of secondary leads Reduce length of secondary leads Use step down auxiliary CTs
38
Potential Transformers
39
Definitions
Voltage Transformer (VT) An instrument transformer used to reflect a primary voltage into a secondary voltage through a magnetic medium. Always connected in parallel with primary conductor across a circuit load. Secondary (measuring) voltage is usually 115 or 120 volts nominally. The secondary voltage level is selected for ease of measurement and safety. Control Power Transformer (CPT) Designed to provide power for contractors, relays and devices with high inrush currents, Regulation is not as critical.
40
41
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS
VP
4200/120 = 35/1 2400/120 = 20/1
Vs
Relay
42
IEEE VT Accuracy Class

Metering Accuracy Classes (% error) 0.3 0.6 1.2 0.15 Defined by IEEE C57.13 Applicable from 90% to 110% rated voltage Defined by IEEE C57.13.6
43

Metering Burden Accuracy Class Burdens
W X M Y Z ZZ VA 12.5 25 35 75 200 400 PF 0.10 0.70 0.20 0.85 0.85 0.85
44
These standard burden designations have no significance at frequencies other than 60 Hz.

Expressed as:
Accuracy Class + Burden Code 0.3 W,X,Y 0.6 Z 1.2 ZZ
These standard designations have no significance at frequencies other than 60 Hz.
45
46
VT Installation Guidelines
Caution:
Rated voltage: Do not operate above 110% Line to ground rated: Do not connect line to line Do not use on ungrounded systems w/o consulting factory Rated Frequency:
Do not operate below rate frequency w/o consulting factory

47
IEEE VT Groups
VT Group 1 2 No. of Bushing 2 2 Connection Method open ( Y-Y possible open ( Y-Y possible 3 1 Y-Y-Y Any Any Neutral Grounding Any Notes Withstand 25% over rated voltage on an emergency basis Withstand 10% over rated voltage continuously. Primary rated for line to line voltage. Outdoor, two secondary windings. Withstand 10% over rated voltage continuously. Withstand 10% over rated voltage continuously & 25% on an emergency basis. For operation at 100% rated voltage. Withstand 10% overvoltage continuously. For operation at 58% rated voltage. Outdoor. Withstand 40% over rated voltage for 1 minute and 10% over rated voltage continuously
48
4A
Y-Y
Effectively
4B
Y-Y Y-Broken Corner (
Noneffectively Effectively
Y-Y
VT Typical Connections
Open Delta Connection (2) Double Bushing VTs
Y Y Connection (3) Single Bushing VTs

49
Ferroresonance
Possible with Y connected grounded VTs on ungrounded power systems
A VT is an inductive component Capacitance to ground exists in the system When they match ferroresonance may occur May cause higher VT voltages & saturation Possible results -- High VT currents Overheating VT failure
50
Ferroresonance
Recommended reading:
Ferroresonance of Grounded Potential Transformers on Ungrounded Power Systems AIEE Power Apparatus & Systems, Aug 1959, pg 607-618, by Karlicek and Taylor
51
Ferroresonance Damping
Preferred method Non effectively grounded system
Y Broken Corner ( VT connection Voltage relay to detect ground fault

0 volts @ normal condition 3 times normal L-N phase voltage @ ground fault
Ferroresonance damping resistor RFR
52
Preferred method
Y-Y/Broken Corner ( Connection

Double secondary VT (1) Relaying / Metering (1) Ground fault detection and ferroresonance damping
53
Ferroresonance damping resistor RFR value
Based on 2 variables: Air core inductance of primary winding (La) VT ratio (N) RFR = 100 La / N2
Power rating (watts) of the resistor is a system related problem. General recommendation is 50% of VA rating of a single VT.
54
Required Information for Specifying CTs & VTs
55
Current Transformer (CT) RFQ Specification

Environment: System Voltage (kV) 0.6 0.72 3.6 5.0 7.2 8.7 12 15 24 25 34.5 34.5 CT Application: Dimensions: Max. Outside: CT Window: Bar: _____ Current Ratio: ___Indoor ___Outdoor Power Frequency (kV) 4 3 10 19 20 26 28 34 50 40 70 70 ___Metering ___ Inches BIL (kV) 10 40 60 60 75 75 110 125 125 150 200 Standard (Check one) IEEE __ IEC __ IEC __ IEEE __ IEC __ IEEE __ IEC __ IEEE __ IEC __ IEEE __ IEEE __ IEEE __
___Protection ___ mm
L ______ x W ______ x D ______ Round: ______ Diameter; _______ : 5 _______ : 1

56
Rectangular: L ______ x W ______ ;
Primary
GE Multilin Continued next slide Instrument Transformers, Inc.
Current Transformer (CT) RFQ Specification (Continued)

Accuracy: Indication Only: _____ %, _____VA (Skip metering & protection selections) Metering Class: IEEE: ___0.3 ___0.6 ___1.2 ___2.4 ________Other IEC: ___0.2 ___0.5 ___1.0 ________Other Metering Burden: IEEE (Ohms): ___B0.1 ___B0.2 ___B0.5 ___B0.9 ___B1.8 ______Other IEC (VA): ___2.5 ___5.0 ___10 ___15 ___30 ______Other Protection Class: Operating Frequency: Rating Factor: C______(IEEE) ___60HZ ___1.0 ___50HZ ___1.33 ___1.5 ___2.0 ______Other ___VA, ___P___(IEC)
Secondary Connections: ___Terminals Outer Insulation: Insulation Class: ___Standard
___24 inch leads ___Cotton tape & varnish _____Other ___Polyester tape
___105 0C (Standard)
Other Special Requirements (dimensional constraints, mounting requirements, etc): ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
57
Voltage Transformer (VT) RFQ Specification

Environment: System Voltage (kV) 0.6 0.72 3.6 5.0 7.2 8.7 12 15 24 25 34.5 34.5 ___Indoor ___Outdoor BIL (kV) 10 40 60 60 75 75 110 125 125 150 200 Standard (Check one) IEEE __ IEC __ IEC __ IEEE __ IEC __ IEEE __ IEC __ IEEE __ IEC __ IEEE __ IEEE __ IEEE __ Power Frequency (kV) 4 3 10 19 20 26 28 34 50 40 70 70 ___50HZ
Operating Frequency: ___60HZ Accuracy:
IEEE: ___W ___X ___M ________Other (Enter 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, or leave blank) IEC:
___Y
___Z
___ZZ
___10VA ___25VA ___50VA ___100VA ______Other (Enter 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, or leave blank)
___200VA Continued next slide
___500VA
58
Voltage Transformer (VT) RFQ Specification (Continued)

Thermal Rating: Primary Voltage: _______VA (Optional) ___1 bushing ___2 bushing Secondary Voltage: _________VAC - Phase to neutral _________VAC - Phase to phase
___120V ___115V ___110V ___100V ___120/3 ___115/3 ___110/3 ___100/3 ___Other _________________ ___1.9 for 8 hours ___Other____________
Rated Voltage Factor (RVF) (1 bushing only): ___1.9 for 30s Fuses: ___Primary ___Primary ___Secondary ___None ___Live parts only (600 720 V)
___Switchgear Style
___Unfused
(2.5kV 15kV)
Note integral fusing not available above 15kV
59
Take Home Rule # 1

Never open circuit a current transformer secondary while the primary is energized
CTs are intended to be proportional current devices. Very high voltages can result from open circuiting the secondary circuit of an energized CT. Even very small primary currents can cause damage Consult the factory if you have questions.
60
Take Home Rule # 2

Never short circuit the secondary of an energized VT
VTs are intended to be used as proportional voltage devices. Damaging current will result from short circuiting the secondary circuit of an energized VT.
61
Take Home Rule # 3

Metering applications do not require a C class CT
C class ratings are specified for protection purposes only. With some exceptions metering class CTs are typically smaller and less expensive.
62
Take Home Rule # 4

CT secondary leads must be added to the CT burden
Electronic relays usually represent very little burden to the CT secondary circuit. In many cases the major burden is caused by the CT secondary leads.
63
Take Home Rule # 5

Never use a 60 Hz rated VT on a 50 Hz System
60 Hz VTs may saturate at lower frequencies and exceed temperature limitations. VT failure is likelysevere equipment damage is possible.
64
Take Home Rule # 6

Exercise caution when connecting grounded VTs to ungrounded systems
Line to ground voltage on any VT may exceed the primary voltage rating during a fault condition VT must be designed for application.
65
QUESTIONS?
66

ITI Basics - 2-09

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ITI Basics - 2-09

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Are you using the right CT's and PT's for your application?

GE Multilin Instrument Transformers, Inc.

Current & Voltage Transformer Basics (IEEE Standards)

GE Multilin Instrument Transformers, Inc.

GE Multilin Instrument Transformers, Inc.

Why use Instrument Transformers?

GE Multilin Instrument Transformers, Inc.

CURRENT TRANSFORMERS & VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS

GE Multilin Instrument Transformers, Inc.

Transformer ratio (TR)

Primary Current (100 amps)

GE Multilin Instrument Transformers, Inc.

Direction of Secondary Current IEEE Secondary IEC Polarity Marks

Remember: Primary current into polarity = Secondary current out of polarity

GE Multilin Instrument Transformers, Inc.

Direction of Secondary Current IEEE Secondary IEC Polarity Marks

Primary IEEE Polarity IEC Marks

Remember: Primary current into non-polarity = Secondary current out of nonpolarity

Direction of Primary Current

GE Multilin Instrument Transformers, Inc.

G30 typical wiring

GE Multilin Instrument Transformers, Inc.

What is your application?

GE Multilin Instrument Transformers, Inc.

CT Rating Factor (RF) -- IEEE

GE Multilin Instrument Transformers, Inc.

CT Rating Factor (RF) -- IEEE

IEEE C57.13 Accuracy 0.3% @ BX.X RF 4.0

0.3% Accuracy Region 200% 300% 400%

0.60 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

GE Multilin Instrument Transformers, Inc.

Short-Time Thermal Current Rating

GE Multilin Instrument Transformers, Inc.

Rated secondary current

Difference in % is known as the Accuracy of the CT

GE Multilin Instrument Transformers, Inc.

IEEE CT Metering Accuracy

IEEE CT Metering Accuracy

GE Multilin Instrument Transformers, Inc.

IEEE CT Metering Accuracy

GE Multilin Instrument Transformers, Inc.

O.9 OHMS BURDEN

IEEE CT Metering Accuracy

+ Burden (Ohms) = 0.3B0.2

GE Multilin Instrument Transformers, Inc.

IEEE CT Metering Accuracy

IEEE C57.13 Accuracy 0.3 @ BX.X; RF 4.0

0.3% Accuracy Region 200% 300% 400%

GE Multilin Instrument Transformers, Inc.

IEEE CT Metering Accuracy

0.6 class parallelogram

Note: Burden must be specified

Out of 0.3% Class

GE Multilin Instrument Transformers, Inc.

IEEE CT Metering Accuracy

Corrected to 0.3% Class

GE Multilin Instrument Transformers, Inc.

IEEE CT Metering Accuracy

IEEE C57.13.6 Accuracy 0.15 @ E0.04, E0.20; 0.15 @ BX.X; RF4.0

0.15 0.30 No accuracy guaranteed at current levels less than 5%

GE Multilin Instrument Transformers, Inc.

IEEE CT Metering Accuracy

VA = VI. V= IR, So 0.2 = IIR. .2/25 = .008 ohms

L __ x W x D Round: Diameter; _ : 5 ___ : 1

Rectangular: L x W ;