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Figure 7.1
Transmission media-parameters
1. What kind of information it can carry ( Voice / Data/ Video )? 2. What is the range / distance supported without repeaters? 3. What topology it supports ? 1. Point-to-point ? 2. Point-to-multipoint ?
Transmission media-parameters
Transmission media-parameters
5. what is the bandwidth ( data rate ) supported ? 6. Delays 7. Ease of installation ? 8. Ease of maintenance /
Transmission media-parameters
8. up gradation capabilities? 9. Reliability Life? 10. Rights of way ? 11. Economics / cost benefit?
Information bearing capacity Amplitude response & bandwidth dependence on distance Susceptibility to noise & interference Error rates & SNRs
Propagation speed of signal c = 3 x 108 meters/second in vacuum = c/ speed of light in medium where >1 is the dielectric constant of the medium = 2.3 x 108 m/sec in copper wire; = 2.0 x 108 m/sec in optical fiber
Optical fiber
102 104
106
108
Ultraviolet light
Infrared light
106
104
102
10
10-12 10-14
Gamma rays
Broadcast radio
Microwave radio
Visible light
X-rays
Figure 7.2
Attenuation varies with media Dependence on distance of central importance Wired media has exponential dependence Received power at d meters proportional to 10-kd Attenuation in dB = k d, where k is dB/meter Wireless media has logarithmic dependence Received power at d meters proportional to d-n Attenuation in dB = n log d, where n is path loss exponent; n=2 in free space Signal level maintained for much longer distances Space communications possible
Attenuation
Twisted-pair cable
Why it is twisted ?
Figure 7-6
WCB/McGraw-Hill
Figure 7-7
WCB/McGraw-Hill
Figure 7-8
WCB/McGraw-Hill
Figure 7-9
UTP Connectors
WCB/McGraw-Hill
Figure 7-10
WCB/McGraw-Hill
Figure 7.5
UTP connector
Figure 7.6
UTP performance
Twisted pair Two insulated copper wires arranged in a regular spiral pattern to minimize interference Various thicknesses, e.g. 0.016 inch (24 gauge) Low cost Telephone subscriber loop from customer to CO
Twisted Pair
30 26 gauge 24 gauge 22 gauge 19 gauge 12 6 f (kHz) 10 100 1000 Higher attenuation rate for DSL
Attenuation (dB/mi)
24 18
Twisted pair Old trunk plant connecting telephone COs Intra-building telephone from wiring closet to desktop In old installations, loading coils added to improve quality in 3 kHz band, but more attenuation at higher frequencies
Twisted Pair
30 26 gauge 24 gauge 22 gauge 19 gauge 12 6 f (kHz) 10 100 1000 Higher attenuation rate for DSL
Attenuation (dB/mi)
24 18
Twisted pairs can provide high bit rates at short distances Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Loop (ADSL)
High-speed Internet Access Lower 3 kHz for voice Upper band for data 64 kbps inbound 640 kbps outbound
Data Rate
Distance
1/2 STS-1
STS-1
(UTP): ordinary telephone wires Category 5 UTP: tighter twisting to improve signal quality Shielded twisted pair (STP): to minimize interference; costly 10BASE-T Ethernet
10 Mbps, Baseband, Twisted pair Two Cat3 pairs Manchester coding, 100 meters
Coaxial cable
Cylindrical braided outer conductor surrounds insulated inner wire conductor High interference immunity Higher bandwidth than twisted pair Hundreds of MHz Cable TV distribution Long distance telephone transmission Original Ethernet LAN medium
Coaxial Cable
35 30 0.7/2.9 mm 1.2/4.4 mm
Attenuation (dB/km)
25 20 15 10 5 0.1 1.0
2.6/9.5 mm
10
100 f (MHz)
Figure 7.8
BNC connectors
Figure 7.9
Categories of coaxial cables-applications Category RG-59 RG-58 RG-11 Impedance 75 50 50 Use Cable TV Thin Ethernet Thick Ethernet
Optical fiber
Electrical signal
Optical Fiber
Modulator Optical fiber Receiver Optical source
Electrical signal
Light sources (lasers, LEDs) generate pulses of light that are transmitted on optical fiber
Very long distances (>1000 km) Very high speeds (>40 Gbps/wavelength) Nearly error-free (BER of 10-15)
Very fine glass cylindrical core surrounded by concentric layer of glass (cladding) Core has higher index of refraction than cladding Light rays incident at less than critical angle c is completely reflected back into the core
Propagation modes
Figure 7-19
Single Mode
WCB/McGraw-Hill
Figure 7-17
Multimode Step-Index
WCB/McGraw-Hill
Figure 7-18
Multimode Graded-Index
WCB/McGraw-Hill
Figure 7.13
Modes-Summary
Figure 7-20
Fiber Construction
WCB/McGraw-Hill
Single mode: Very thin core supports only one mode (path)
More expensive lasers, but achieves very high speeds
100 50 10
Loss (dB/km)
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Wavelength ( m)
Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
Different wavelengths carry separate signals Multiplex into shared optical fiber Each wavelength like a separate circuit A single fiber can carry 160 wavelengths, 10 Gbps per wavelength: 1.6 Tbps!
1 2. optical mux optical fiber
m
optical demux
LED / Laser
Photo detector
Fiber Optics-advantages
1. Greater Capacity 1. up to 3.5 Gbps 2. less signal attenuation 3. Longer range 1. 10s of KMs 2. AT&T has developed transmission system over a distance of 318 KMs without any repeaters 4. Immunity to electromagnetic interference 5. Resistive to corrosive materials 6. Light weight 7. More immune to tapping
Fiber Optics-Disadvantages
1. Installation / maintenance complexity 2. Unidirectional 3. Cost not justifiable , if the bandwidth is low
Fiber Optics-Applications
1. Long-haul trunks
Average about 900 miles 20,000 to 60,000 voice channels
High Speed LAN Backbone in Campus Network Metropolitan Area Networks Cable TV Telecom carrier-back haul links Inter-continental links
Wireless
Wireless Media
Terrestrial Satellite
Note on wireless medium.. As the frequency increases, need of line-of-sight increases Higher frequency links facilitate more bandwidth which means higher data rate provision for multiple types of info ( Voice, data, video ) ISM ( Industrial Scientific & Medical band ) is made license free, in most of countries in India 2.4 GHz 5.7 GHz
Note on wireless medium.. Range supported by a wireless link / network is decided by key factors like : Transmitted power Receiver sensitivity modulation technology transmission technology terrain conditions obstruction factors attenuation weather conditions Range supported is inversely proportional to the frequency of operation
Radio Transmission
Radio signals: antenna transmits sinusoidal signal (carrier) that radiates in air/space Information embedded in carrier signal using modulation, e.g. QAM Multipath propagation causes fading Interference from other users Spectrum regulated by national & international regulatory organizations
Radio Spectrum
Frequency (Hz) 108 104 105 106 107 109 1010 1011 1012 FM radio and TV AM radio Cellular and PCS Wireless cable
MF 103
HF 102
VHF 101 1
UHF 10-1
SHF
Directional antennas at microwave frequencies High-speed digital communications between sites High-speed Internet Access Radio backbone links for rural areas Satellite Communications Geostationary satellite @ 36000 km above equator Relays microwave signals from uplink frequency to downlink frequency Long distance telephone Satellite TV broadcast
Wireless Media
Case Studies
Last mile Wireless Links facilitating the ERP Implementation for an automobile giant
Wireless Link being built by CCIPL Bandwidth providers POP in District #1 7 KMs approx
ISP
Ethernet Port
Bandwidth Provider
(
G.703
6 KMs approx
Ethernet Port
Ethernet Port
Repeater (
internet
Chief Ministers
Residence Institute 8.2KMs Of Administration
Main HUB
5 KMs
1.19 KMs
NIC-State Office
Secretariate- C- Block
Repeater OU CIPR
Secretariate- K- Block
Secretariate- L- Block
NICNET
Main
Mini
NIC-Visvesvaraya tower
Repeater
KPCL
Vidhana Soudha
) ) ) )( )) (
0.53 KMs
6.76 KMs
)
Main HUB
R29
Cell #3
R34 R35 LNB 40 n the GO MNER a th to at C and R18 e s e WHO R33 il s or n m atio Sit -Ma ion K A B R36 s s t Shared 2 MBPS Radio Network C E R20 R21 nk ani l NI or lica MFP UDYOG BHAVAN D P &T Li g f p a R32 or ntr lex t ap R22 ce mp n e R37 SOUTH BLOCK Co ter R31 n LNB i R23
NORTH BLOCK
R28
NCERT
MIN.OF TORISM
UNESCO
NHAI
R17
R16 R15
1.56 KMs
NIRMAN BHAVAN
DSC
PARLIMENT
R14
PATELBHAVAN
R30
DHC
R38
CAA & A
KRISHI BHAVAN
RPTR #1 (2)
R13
PFC
RPTR #3 (11)
BARODA HOUSE
NICNET
R26 SEVA DOD BHAVAN Wireless Radio MAN SASTRY Cell #2 2 MBPS RadioLink BHAVAN 2 MBPS RadioLink Wireless Optical [ Infrared ] Link Wireless Radio MAN 5.95 KMs [ 10 MBPS ] Cell #1 3.43 KMs R3 IDRC R4 HUB NIC Head Office CGO-Complex and Internet Point-Of-Presence Shared 2 MBPS Radio Network R5 R6 R7 R9
WFP CAPAT UNDP
ISM & H
R12
R10
UNICEF ISDN
Figure 7.17
Figure 7-21
WCB/McGraw-Hill
Figure 7.18
Propagation methods
Figure 7-23, 24
VLF
LF
WCB/McGraw-Hill
Figure 7-25, 26
MF
HF
WCB/McGraw-Hill
Figure 7-27, 28
VHF
UHF
WCB/McGraw-Hill
Figure 7-29, 30
SHF
EHF
WCB/McGraw-Hill
Figure 7-31
Terrestrial Microwave
WCB/McGraw-Hill
Antenna types
Figure 7.20
Omnidirectional antennas
Figure 7.21
Unidirectional antennas
Figure 7-32
WCB/McGraw-Hill
Figure 7-33
Horn Antenna
WCB/McGraw-Hill
600
600
AP 1 AP 6 AP 2
600 600
600
Figure 7-36
Cellular System
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Figure 7-37
Cellular Bands
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Broadcast Radio TV Citizen Band Radio Mobile phones Pager Radio trunking
Outdoor applications Telecom carrier-Back haul links Wireless Metropolitan Area Data Networks Next generation Wi-MAX networks Last Mile Access links / networks Indoor applications Wireless [ Wi-Fi ] LANs Bluetooth
Short Range Communication [ TV Remote control ] Bluetooth devices Input / Output device connectivity Computer High speed short range links [ up to 4 KMs ] as alternative to Fiber optic cables
High Speed Wireless Optical Communication Links End user : M/s Aditi Technologies
MultiLink LightStation 155/800 MultiLink LightStation 155/800 500 Mtrs
M2 Park View
6 Mtrs
Palace View
Manor House