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S.M. MUJUMDAR
General Manager (sub-station Engineering) Jyoti Structures Ltd.,
Agenda
Safety of personnel and equipment Reliability and Security Adherence to Statutory obligations I.E. rules, Environmental aspects Electrical design considerations Structural design considerations Ease of maintenance Possibility to Expand
System parameters
Sr. Description 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Nominal system voltage Max. operating voltage Rated frequency Number of phases System neutral earthing Corona Extinction voltage Min. creepage distance Rated short ckt. Current for 1 sec. 400kV 400kV 420kV 50Hz 3 320kV 25mm/kV 40kA 1000 mV (320kV) 220kV 220kV 245kV 50Hz 3 156kV 25mm/kV 40kA 1000 mV (156kV)
Effectively earthed
400kV Isolator
400kV CVT
Wave Trap
2. Overhead earth wire shielding To protect the outdoor substation or Lightning masts. equipment from lightning strokes. 3. Illumination system (lighting) -- for switchyard -- buildings -- roads etc.
Contd..
4. Protection system -- protection relay panels -- control cables -- circuit breakers -- CTs, VTs etc. 5. Control cable 6. Power cable 7. PLCC system power line carries communication system -- line trap -- coupling capacitor -- PLCC panels To provide alarm or automatic tripping of faulty part from healthy part and also to minimize damage to faulty equipment and associated system.
For Protective circuits, control circuits, metering circuits, communication circuits To provide supply path to various auxiliary equipment and machines. For communication, telemetry, tele-control, power line carrier protection etc.
Contd
8. Fire Fighting system -- Sensors, detection system -- water spray system -- fire prot. panels, alarm system -- watertank and spray system 9. Auxiliary standby power system -- diesel generator sets -- switchgear -- distribution system To sense the occurrence of fire by sensors and to initiate water spray, to disconnect power supply to affected region to pin-point location of fire by indication in control room. For supplying starting power, standby power for auxiliaries
Single Line Diagram General Arrangement Drawing Electrical Plan and Section Control Room Architectural layout
Supporting drawings
Structural layout Earthmat layout Civil layout Erection Key Diagram Lighting Layout
Electrical layout
Electrical Section
Structural layout
Earthmat Layout
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Civil layout
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Lighting Design
Adequate lighting is necessary for safety of working personnel and O&M activities Recommended value of Illumination level Control & Relay panel area - 350 Lux (at floor level) Test laboratory - 300 Lux Battery room - 100 Lux Other indoor area - 150 Lux Switchyard - 50 Lux (main equipment) - 20 Lux (balance Area / road @ ground level)
3. Potential devices may 3. Fault of bus or any be used on the main bus circuit breaker results in shutdown of entire substation.
1. Most widely used for 66kV, 132kv, 220kV and 2. Half of the feeders 2. Bus protection scheme may important 11kv, connected to each bus cause loss of substation when 6.6kV, 3.3kV it operates. substations. 3. High exposure to bus fault. 4. Line breaker failure takes all circuits connected to the bus out of service. 5. Bus couplers failure takes entire substation out of service.
2. Would lose half of the 2. Used only for very circuits for breaker fault if important, high power, circuits are not EHV substations. connected to both the buses.
2. Protection and 2. Preferred. auto-reclosing more complex since middle breaker must be responsive to both associated circuits.
4. Each circuit fed by two breakers. 5. All switching by breaker. 6. Selective tripping
Ring Bus
Minimum Clearances
400kV 1. Phase to Earth 3500 mm 220kV 2100 mm
2. Phase to phase
2100 mm
3. Sectional clearance
4300 mm
Clearance Diagram
Continuous current rating. Ampacity caculation as per IEEE:738 Short time current rating (40kA for 1 Sec.) IEC-865 Stresses in Tubular Busbar Natural frequency of Tubular Busbar Deflection of Tube Cantilever strength of Post Insulator Aeolian Vibrations
Sag / Tension calculation : as per IS: 802 1995 Sr. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Temp Min. Min. Every Day Every Day Max. (ACSR 750C/ AAAC 850C) Wind Pressure No wind 36% No wind 100% No wind T <= 22% of UTS T <= 70% of UTS Clearances Limits
Contd..
Short Circuit Forces calculation As per IEC : 865 Short circuit forces during short circuit Short circuit forces after short circuit Short circuit forces due to Pinch effect for Bundled conductor Spacer span calculation
Factor of safety of 2.0 under normal condition and 1.5 under short circuit condition
spacers
GRAPH OF SPACER SPAN Vs CONDUCTOR TENSION FOR 400 KV TWIN MOOSE ACSR CONDUCTOR
12000.00 CONDUCTOR TENSION PER PHASE IN KG.
10000.00
8000.00
6000.00
4000.00
2000.00
Earthing Design
Guiding standards IEEE 80, IS:3043, CBIP-223. 400kV & 220kV system are designed for 40kA. Basic Objectives: Step potential within tolerable Touch Potential limit Ground Resistance Adequacy of Ground conductor for fault current (considering corrosion)
FIG-4a
FIG-4b