Generator Protection

GENERATOR PROTECTION
Dr. Mohd Taufiq Bin Ishak
GENERATOR PROTECTION TYPES OF GENERATORS
TURBO GENERATOR DIESEL GENERATOR HYDRO GENERATOR WIND GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION GENERATOR MAIN-SYSTEMS
SUB SYSTEMS OF GENERATORS
STATOR ROTOR TRANSFORMER
GENERATOR PROTECTION GENERATOR SUB-SYSTEMS
SUB SYSTEMS OF GENERATORS
STATOR ROTOR PRIME MOVER EXCITATION SYSTEM VOLTAGE REGULATOR GOVERNOR COOLING SYSTEM
GENERATOR PROTECTION FAULTS IN GENERATOR EXTERNAL FAULTS INTERNAL FAULTS ROTOR EARTH FAULT FAULTS RELATED TO SUB SYSTEMS
EXTERNAL FAULTS
OVER LOADING UNBALANCE LOADING SHORT CIRCUIT EARTH FAULT
INTERNAL FAULTS
PHASE TO PHASE FAULTS IN WINDINGS PHASE TO EARTH FAULTS
FAULTS RELATED TO SUB-SYSTEMS
UNDER VOLTAGE OVER VOLTAGE UNDER FREQUENCY OVER FREQUENCY REVERSE POWER LOSS OF EXCITATION LOW-FORWARD POWER
TYPES OF FAULTS (STATOR SIDE)
VOLTAGE RESTRAINED OVER CURRENT THERMAL OVER LOAD CURRENT UNBALANCE OVER VOLTAGE UNDER VOLTAGE OVER FREQUENCY UNDER FREQUENCY LOSS OF FIELD REVERSE POWER UNDER POWER OUT OF STEP INADVERTANT ENERGISATION EARTH FAULT (100%) EARTH FAULT (95%) GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL OVER EXCITATION (V/Hz)
TYPES OF FAULTS (ROTOR SIDE) ROTOR EARTH FAULT EXCITATION UNDER VOLTAGE EXCITATION UNDER CURRENT DIODE FAILURE
11 kV 11000/110v SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM GENERATOR PROTECTION

400/5 49
27 51V 46
59 40
81 32 64
37
400/5 87G 6.6 MW
G
400/5
PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY TYPE OF GENERATOR GENERATOR SIZE NATURE OF GROUNDING ECONOMY TYPE OF CONNECTION TYPE OF LOADS
ANOTOMY OF FAULTS
STATOR FAULTS (EXTERNAL )

1.0 OVER CURRENT PROTECTION
PLAIN OVER CURRENT ( SMALL MACHINES) VOLTAGE DEPENDANT OVER CURRENT (LARGE MACHINES)

1.0 PLAIN OVER CURRENT PROTECTION
RELAY ON BREAKER SIDE RELAY ON NEUTRAL SIDE

1.0 PLAIN OVER CURRENT PROTECTION
FAULT AWAY FROM TERMINALS (PLAIN O/C PROTECTION) FAULT CLOSE TO TERMINALS (VOLTAGE DEPENDENT O/C)

1.0 FAULT CLOSE TO TERMINALS
STATOR FAULTS
VOLTAGE DEPENDENT OVER CURRENT
- WHEN O/C FAULT, TERMINAL VOLTAGE REDUCES. - RELAY MAY NOT TRIP, SINCE FAULT CURRENT THROUGH RELAY MAY BE LESS THAN SET POINT
NECESSARY TO VARY THE O/C PICK UP SETTING WITH RESPECT TO VOLTAGE
STATOR FAULTS
VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OVER CURRENT
HAS TWO TRIP CHARACTERISTICS THE TERMINAL VOLTAGE DECIDES WHICH CHARCTERISTIC WILL BE FOLLOWED BY THE RELAY WHEN A FAULT OCCURS
STATOR FAULTS
VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OVER CURRENT Pick up level
I>
kI >
Vs >
Voltage Level
VOLTAGE RESTRAINED OVER CURRENT
I*/ [I>]
1.0
0.2 0.2 0.8
V/Vs
STATOR FAULTS
EARTH FAULT
DEPENDS ON HOW THE GENERATOR IS EARTHED
EARTHING OF GENERATORS
GENERATOR NEUTRAL IS EARTHED for stator protection for operator safety
EARTHING OF GENERATORS DIRECT EARTHING
Stator Windings
RELAY
EARTHING OF GENERATORS IMPEDANCE EARTHING
Stator Windings
TYPES OF IMPEDANCES RESISTOR (CURRENT BASED PROTECTION) B) TRANSFORMER (VOLTAGE BASED PROTECTION) C) TRANSFORMER D) (CURRENT BASED PROTECTION)
EARTHING OF GENERATORS RESISTANCE EARTHING Stator Windings
CURRENT RELAY
EARTHING OF GENERATORS TRANSFORMER EARTHING (VOLTAGE BASED) Stator Windings
VOLTAGE RELAY
EARTHING OF GENERATORS TRANSFORMER EARTHING (CURENT BASED) Stator Windings
CURRENT RELAY
EARTHING OF GENERATORS TRANSFORMER EARTHING (OPEN DELTA) Stator Windings
OPEN DELTA PT VOLTAGE RELAY VOLTAGE RELAY
STATOR FAULTS
EARTH FAULT
WHEN A FAULT OCCURES CLOSE TO NEUTRAL, WITH IMPEDANCE GROUNDING, THE E/F CURRENT MAY BE LESS THAN THE PICK UP THRESHOLD OF THE NORMAL E/F RELAY OR DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
STATOR EARTH FAULT
95% EARTH FAULT
NORMAL RELAY
100% EARTH FAULT
SPECIAL RELAY SENSES ABSENCE OF 3RD HARMONICS
STATOR EARTH FAULT 0%
95 TO 100%
95%
EARTHING OF GENERATORS (Close to neutral faults) Stator Windings
a
CURRENT RELAY
If
If = aV / R
100% STATOR EARTH FAULT
Measurement of third harmonic voltage across the earthing impedance Use of low frequency voltage injection between star point & earth
LOSS OF FIELD IN GENERATORS GENERATOR WILL OVER SPEED & OPERATE AS AN INDUCTION GENERATOR (OVER SPEEDS OF THE ORDER OF 2 TO 5% ) GENERATOR WILL CONTINUE TO DELIVER POWER WILL DERIVE EXCITATION FROM THE SYSTEM STATOR CURRENT WILL BE 200% THERE WILL BE HEAVY ROTOR CURRENT RESULTS IN OVER HEATING
LOSS OF FIELD IN GENERATORS PHASE ANGLE N ANGLE BETWEEN VOLTAGE & CURRENT
IMPEDANCE ANGLE E
REPLICA OF PHASE ANGLE
= 360O - N
LOSS OF FIELD IN GENERATORS
I E N
N = 0o (360O) N = +30o N= +60o N= +90o N = +120o N = +150o N = +180o FORWARD RESISTIVE FORWARD RESISTIVE + FORWARD CAPACITIVE FORWARD RESISTIVE + FORWARD CAPACITIVE FORWARD CAPACITIVE (LOSS OF FIELD) REVERSE RESISTIVE + FORWADRD CAPACITIVE REVERSE RESISTIVE + FORWARD CAPACITIVE REVERSE RESISTIVE
N = +210o (-150O) REVERSE RESISTIVE + FORWARD INDUCTIVE N = +240o (-120O) REVERSE RESISTIVE + FORWARD INDUCTIVE N = +270o (-90O) N = +300o (-60O) N = +330o (-30O) FORWARD INDUCTIVE FORWARD INDUCTIVE + FORWARD RESISTIVE FORWARD INDUCTIVE + FORWARD RESISTIVE
LOSS OF FIELD PROTECTION
Z
NORMAL
LOSS OF FIELD
LOSS OF FIELD PROTECTION
Z
NORMAL
R
K1
LOSS OF FIELD
K2
REVERSE POWER GENERATORS GENERATOR WILL BECOME MOTOR HARMFUL TO THE PRIME MOVER ( STEAM TURBINE WILL OVER HEAT) (DIESEL ENGINE WILL EXPLODE DUE TO UNBURNT FUEL) (HYDRAULIC TUBINE WILL HAVE CAVITATION)
INADVERTANT ENERGISATION - APPLICATION OF FULL VOLTAGE AT STANDSTILL COASTING TO STOP BEFORE SYNCHRONISM - PRESENCE OF UNBALANCE VOLTAGE DUE TO FLASH OVER AT IONE OR TWO POLES OF BREAKER
GENERATOR FORCED TO START AS INDUCTION MOTOR RESULTING IN MECHANICAL DAMAGES TO PRIME MOVER AND EXCESSIVE HEATING IN THE ROTOR
V/Hz PROTECTION - INCORRECT VOLTAGE REGULATOR ACTION - LOAD THROW - OFF - SUDDEN OVER VOLTAGE / OVER FREQUENCY
RESULTS IN OVER FLUXING OF GENERATOR AND OVER HEATING
GENERATOR PROTECTION PACKAGES VOLTAGE MV11 MND11 MVP-01 DIFFERENTIAL MD32-G SC14S ROTOR UBO/CR LOAD SHARING RRS
CURRENT MC11 MC61A MC61C IM30G IM3G-V
SYNCHRONISING SCM21 / SPM21 ISLANDING UFD34 UM30 MW33 LOAD SHEDDING UFD34 MW33 MX7/5 REX-8
LOAD SHARING OF GENERATORS
BUS-1
BC1

PT1
L S R L S R
BUS-2
BC2
BUS-3
B1

-
B2 PT2
L L S S R R
B3
PT3
L S R L S R
CT1
CT2
CT3
G1
PULSES FOR GOVERNOR & EXCITER
G2
G3
LSR = LOAD SHARING RELAY

Fig. -1
GRID ISLANDING SCHEME
GRID INCOMER TRANSFORMER REVERSE POWER RELAY LOW FORWARD POWER RELAY UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY DIRECTIONAL O/C + E/F RELAY

dF/dT RELAY UNDER FREQ. RELAY OVER FREQ. RELAY VECTOR SURGE RELAY

DG
PLANT LOADS
Fig. -2
SYNCHRONISATION OF GENERATORS
SYNCHRONISING IS THE PROCESS OF ELECTRICALLY CONNECTING TWO AC POWER SOURCES WITH ROTATING MACHINES WITHOUT ANY DISTURBANCE TO EXISTING SYSTEM AND WITHOUT ANY DAMAGE TO THE EXISTING SYSTEM
SYNCHRONISATION
SINGLE GENERATOR TO A BUS (DEAD BUS / LIVE BUS SYNCH.) MULTIPLE GENERATORS TO A BUS (SIZE, VINTAGE, RESPONSE TIMES) AUTO CHANGEOVER IN BUS CONNECTIONS MANUAL & AUTO SYNCHRONISATION REVERSE SYNCHRONISATION
PARAMETERS GOVERNING SYNCHRONISATION : VOLTAGE FREQUENCY PHASE ANGLE
SYNCHRONISING OF GENERATORS
COMMON BUS
B1
PT1 SCM 21
PT2
B2
G1
G2
RESULTS OF INCORRECT SYNCHRONISATION

FREQUENCY ACTIVE POWER FLOW HIGH FREQ. TO LOW FREQ. JOLT TO THE SYSTEM FATIGUE TO SHAFT DAMAGE TO BEARINGS OVER HEATING OF STATOR REACIVE POWER FLOW HIGH VOLTAGE TO LOW VOLTAGE
PHASE ANGLE
VOLTAGE
TYPES OF SYNCHRONISING RELAYS
CHECK SYNCHRONISING RELAY AUTO SYNCHRONISING RELAY
CHECK SYNCHRONISING RELAY
ADJUSTABLE SETTINGS FOR (F, (V, (E MINIMUM V,F FOR CB CLOSURE DEAD BUS / DEAD LINE SELECTION CB CLOSURE ONLY IF E IS DECREASING BREAKER OPERATING TIME MINIMUM RECLOSING TIME 2LINE + 1 BUS CONFIGURATION U/V + O/V PROTECTION SYNCHRONISING TROLLEY
AUTO SYNCHRONISING RELAY
IN ADDITION TO SCM21 FEATURES: INC / DEC PULSES FOR GOVERNOR INC / DEC PULSES FOR AVR ADJUSTABLE PULSE WIDTH PULSES PROPORTIONAL TO (F, (V KICKER PULSE CONTROL ANTI MOTORING CONTROL
REVERSE SYNCHRONISATION
GRID INCOMER TRANSFORMER

DG PLANT LOADS
GENEATOR PROTECTION - BUILDING BLOCKS FROM L&T
PROTn. RELAY
DIFF. RELAY
SYNCH. RELAY
LOAD SHARE RELAY
GRID ISLAND RELAY
SCHEME FOR : AUTO START, SYNCH.& LOAD SHARING GRID ISLANDING & LOAD SHEDDING PC SYSTEM WITH SOFTWARE COMMUNICATION SOFTWARE FOR CENTRALISED DAS AND CONTROL
Fig.-3

Generator Protection

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Generator Protection

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GENERATOR PROTECTION

Dr. Mohd Taufiq Bin Ishak

GENERATOR PROTECTION TYPES OF GENERATORS

TURBO GENERATOR DIESEL GENERATOR HYDRO GENERATOR WIND GENERATOR

GENERATOR PROTECTION GENERATOR MAIN-SYSTEMS

SUB SYSTEMS OF GENERATORS

STATOR ROTOR TRANSFORMER

GENERATOR PROTECTION GENERATOR SUB-SYSTEMS

SUB SYSTEMS OF GENERATORS

OVER LOADING UNBALANCE LOADING SHORT CIRCUIT EARTH FAULT

PHASE TO PHASE FAULTS IN WINDINGS PHASE TO EARTH FAULTS

400/5 87G 6.6 MW

STATOR FAULTS (EXTERNAL )

STATOR FAULTS (EXTERNAL )

RELAY ON BREAKER SIDE RELAY ON NEUTRAL SIDE

STATOR FAULTS (EXTERNAL )

STATOR FAULTS (EXTERNAL )

VOLTAGE DEPENDENT OVER CURRENT

NECESSARY TO VARY THE O/C PICK UP SETTING WITH RESPECT TO VOLTAGE

0.2 0.2 0.8

DEPENDS ON HOW THE GENERATOR IS EARTHED

GENERATOR NEUTRAL IS EARTHED for stator protection for operator safety

OPEN DELTA PT VOLTAGE RELAY VOLTAGE RELAY

STATOR EARTH FAULT

95% EARTH FAULT

100% EARTH FAULT

SPECIAL RELAY SENSES ABSENCE OF 3RD HARMONICS

STATOR EARTH FAULT 0%

100% STATOR EARTH FAULT

REPLICA OF PHASE ANGLE

LOSS OF FIELD PROTECTION

LOSS OF FIELD PROTECTION

RESULTS IN OVER FLUXING OF GENERATOR AND OVER HEATING

CURRENT MC11 MC61A MC61C IM30G IM3G-V

LOAD SHARING OF GENERATORS

PULSES FOR GOVERNOR & EXCITER

PULSES FOR GOVERNOR & EXCITER

PULSES FOR GOVERNOR & EXCITER

LSR = LOAD SHARING RELAY

GRID ISLANDING SCHEME

PARAMETERS GOVERNING SYNCHRONISATION : VOLTAGE FREQUENCY PHASE ANGLE

RESULTS OF INCORRECT SYNCHRONISATION

TYPES OF SYNCHRONISING RELAYS

CHECK SYNCHRONISING RELAY AUTO SYNCHRONISING RELAY

CHECK SYNCHRONISING RELAY

AUTO SYNCHRONISING RELAY

GRID INCOMER TRANSFORMER

GENEATOR PROTECTION - BUILDING BLOCKS FROM L&T

LOAD SHARE RELAY

GRID ISLAND RELAY

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