Professional Documents
Culture Documents
It is through the evolution of our own genuine culture that our identity can be fully discovered. Steve Biko
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
Outline
Dramatic situation of culture and values in developing nations under the push for a globalised world Freedom, participation and democracy is undermined by the weakening of cultures and values National states have a responsibility in providing adequate policy frameworks Communication is the main tool for strengthening cultural diversity and democracy Political empowerment for democracy is possible if people take in their own hands the communication process
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
Cultural diversity is the mirror of natural diversity. Creation is unity within diversity, where all forms of life coexist harmoniously. Every time a forest is devastated, a form of life is violated, another language is lost, a form of civilization is curtailed, genocide is committed. Rigoberta Mench
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
However, Spanish is the third largest first-language in the world. Ethnologue lists over 6,000 living languages: Chinese Mandarin comes first with over 960 million, Hindi is second with 366 million, Spanish is third with 358 million and English is fourth with 341 millions speakers. (2002)
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
Disappearing languages
Over 50% of worlds 6,000 languages are in danger (UNESCO) One language disappears every two weeks 90% of worlds languages are not represented in Internet A language that disappears, carries to death the whole culture when oral tradition is the main vehicle of transmission of culture and values from one generation to the next
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
Thus, there is nothing new under the sun, except what has been forgotten.
Rigoberta Mench
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
The market leads the initiative within the globalisation process, it now regulates the relationships between peoples, nations and cultures, it imposes communication models and speeds up networks. Jess Martn Barbero
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
Homogenising attempts
Dominant cultures would like to see the geographical areas under their influence, shaped exactly like them: a mirror image of themselves. It has more to do with the expansion of markets for their products, rather than with any noble attempt to share values. Attempts to impose colonial languages and cultures through the education system. Assimilation as means of integration. Development is difficult in a country that has many languages and a variety of cultures. Homogenisation models only contributed to strengthen neocolonial ties, with no impact on development. UNESCO: Research shows that mother-tongue instruction combined with the majority language, gives the best results at school and fosters children's cognitive development and their learning ability.
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
Cultural resources are replacing natural resources as the primary raw material of economic growth. Where timber, iron and oil once ruled, knowledge creativity and design are establishing themselves as the crucial sources of added value.
Francois Matarasso
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
Culture as merchandise
The economically successful US cultural industry is occupying the global imaginative and creative sphere. Global cultural homogenization is sweeping the world. Monoculture of the mind - calls it Indian physicist and activist Vandana Shiva. The global monoculture has infiltrated every corner of the world, dominated by western values and lifestyles, driven by a consumer-based ideology and carried through the massive US entertainment-industrial complex. Nations need to oppose it with the richness of their own cultures, as alternative ways of seeing, of thinking, of creating. Communities need to create bridges between other languages, other cultures, and values, to participate in world. Internationalisation, rather than globalisation.
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
Cultural purity?
There are no pure cultures and should not be. Every culture is the unique result of multiple interactions with other cultures. Cultures are always in the process of evolving, changing and sharing with other cultures their values and forms of expression. A culture that doesnt interact with other cultures is dead. Cultures are always negotiating their boundaries. The scars that remain in the texture of exchanges, are defining the losses or gains of the negotiation. The terms of cultural interaction have to be balanced and fair to maintain dialogue within equity and democratic principles. While the terms of interaction are more balanced at local levels, at the international level globalisation has set the rules for the most uneven and unfair terms of cultural -and economicexchanges.
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
The more wealth we have created, the worst iniquity results from its distribution; the more sophisticated is our technology, and more people are excluded through ignorance; the more our wealth grows, the more is the ecosystem destroyed; the more diverse is our culture, the more incapable we are to communicate our identities; the more democracy is expanded, the more are its mechanisms manipulated; and when we end with a form of war we immediately discover a more insidious one. Manuel Castells
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
Policy frameworks
Multilateral institutions which have no cultural mandate are establishing policy frameworks that affect culture. The international language of commerce increasingly supersedes the language of culture. National states to provide frameworks for the representation of the knowledge, experiences and practices of diverse communities that contribute to the human dimension of the society as a whole. They must ensure equal opportunities for cultural, critical and intellectual exchanges among urban and rural communities. Facilitate the expression of heritage consciousness & collective memory, to replace the dominant forms of selective memory. Preserve specific cultural profiles from erosion by powerful external audio-visual and communication systems. Prevent cultural creativity from being watered down by transnational commercialization.
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
Harmony between culture and development, respect for cultural identities, tolerance for cultural differences in a framework of plural democratic values, socio-economic equity and respect for territorial unity and national sovereignty are among the preconditions for a lasting and just peace.
Stockholm Conference on Cultural Policies for Development, 1998
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
UNESCO Principles
Sustainable development and the flourishing of culture are interdependent Participation and access to cultural life is a fundamental human right Dialogue between cultures is an essential condition for peaceful coexistence Globalisation links cultures more closely but may also be detrimental to creative diversity and cultural pluralism We must empower all communities to harness their creativity and forge ways of living together with others
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
Opportunities
The concept of a central powerful governments, too often doing the dirty work for neo-colonial powers, and serving the wealthy in each nation, is in question. Civil society movements are demanding a more active role in the decision-making process that affects their lives. Elections are no longer synonym of democracy, too often only promote a dormant society. The context of decentralisation and the new concepts of governance at local levels include more power to local governments and municipalities.
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
Democratic values
Culture and communication can contribute to consolidate local power, based on participation and democratic values. The role of culture is even more important for democracy and development in multiethnic and multicultural societies. Public debate, ends up supporting fundamental democratic values. Access to high-quality information, free of commercial, political or partisan pressures, is an essential element of a healthy democracy.
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
Mainstream
Mainstream is a culture of public practice informed by elitist politics and practices of a dominant minority. The principal agenda is diversifying the mainstream. The preferred future is a broader community that no longer focuses on cultural differences but which reflects the diverse origins of different peoples and their varied cultural inheritances. Cultural environment should be nurtured through participatory processes. In negotiating the representation of cultural values, cultural policy frameworks must ensure community empowerment through effective participation. Nurturing participatory processes and practices that are developed and negotiated through extensive community engagement.
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
Taking rights
In the absence of cultural and communication policies in most developing countries, or the lack of enforcement for existing cultural policies due to the fragility of national states after the tidal wave of globalisation, civil society organisations and communities have struggle to provide themselves with the tools to support their own objectives of democratic participation in society.
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
Community Media
Committed to human rights and social justice approaches. Is key to promote participation, to ensure sustainability of development programmes, and strengthen social organisations. During decades, community radio has been the platform for communities to convey their cultural expressions, exchange information and promote local dialogue and debate. Radio is by far the most important electronic media and particularly of poor communities in Third World nations. Community radio has been a collective tool for empowerment through participation in the communication process. Recent years have seen an important trend to networking, thus strengthening both local and regional capacity and participation in social movements.
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
Empowering voices
Community radio is a real place that anyone can enter to exercise the experience of human contact. To turn on a radio set in the context of a community is a social gesture of civic value. One turns on a radio the way one opens a window onto his street, onto his community, onto his city, onto his country, onto the world. (Sylvain Lafrance) To treat content like a transformable product, which is recyclable and industrial, is to deny certain basic principles of human communication. Radio is a simple medium, which technology and industry are forever trying to complicate.
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
Communication as a process
Participation in community media can only be ensured through a process that aims key objectives:
Ownership Local contents Language and cultural pertinence Networking and convergence Appropriate technology
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
Ownership principles
Relevance and importance of cultural networks Appropriate representation and accountability Identifiable community benefits along with economic outcomes Access to excellence; consultation, participation and negotiation Co-operation and co-ordination Cultural diversity; inspiration, innovation and imagination Quality of experience and resourcefulness.
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron
I believe it is precisely this explosion of communication at the local level that makes citizens media into empowering tools for democracy. The disruption of established relations of power is a messy enterprise, and our attempts to impose order and organization will only cause our alienation from these processes. Clemencia Rodrguez
Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron