 What are monoclonal antibodies?

 How are monoclonal antibodies

made?
 Immunotheraphy for cancer with
monoclonal antibodies.
 How are monoclonal antibodies used
in cancer diagnosis and treatment?
 Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are important
substances used in biomedical research, in
treatment of such diseases as infections and
especially cancer and in diagnosis of
diseases.
 These antibodies are produced by clones or
cell lines obtained from animals that
immunized with the substance that is the
subject of study.
 To produce the desired mAb, the cells must
be grown in either of two ways:
 one of them is injection into the abdominal
cavity of a suitably prepared mouse and
 second is tissue culturing cells in plastic.
 The basic mechanism of a monoclonal
antibody is the same as an antibody
produced by body.
 When monoclonal antibodies are used
in the diagnosis and treatment of
diseases, certain substances are often
added to them to give them their
therapeutic and diagnostic
characteristics.
 They can also be used on their own to
block or encourage certain responses
from the immune system
 When monoclonal antibodies are used in
therapy, they are often attached to different
drugs or toxins, which are then delivered to
the target cells without harming the other
cells in the body.
 Used alone, they can encourage the body's
own immune system to recognize certain
cells as foreign and launch an attack.
 In diagnosis, radioactive markers are
attached to them to locate a certain kind of
cell within the body.
 They are used in diagnostic imaging of
internal organs and tumors.
 Hybridoma cell is created by the fusion of two cells in order to
bind the different characteristics of the two cells into one cell.
 One of these cells is an antibody producing cell B-
Lymphocyte cell from a lab mouse and
 the other is a tumor cell called a myeloma.
 The tumor cells can donate to a normal cell the ability growing
and at a ratio it exceeds normal cell growth.
 A hybridoma cell produces the monoclonal antibody that was
originally produced by the B-Lymphocyte cell.
 After the hybridoma cells are created and chosen for
effectiveness in the lab, they are put into media that can help
them grow and subsequently produce the monoclonal
antibodies.
 There are two ways of doing this. One is to grow them in a
flask in a lab (In Vitro), and the other is to grow them in the
stomach lining of mice.
 Monoclonal antibodies is used in cancer
therapy and also used in many ways of
cancer including diagnosis, controlling and
treatment of diseases.
 With treatment, monoclonal antibodies can
react against specific antigens on cancer
cells and can increase the patients immune
response. Monoclonal antibodies can be
arranged to behave against to cell growth
factors, it blocks cancer cell growth. When
the antibodies bind to antigen bearing cells
they deliver their toxin to tumor in direct
way.
 Monoclonal antibody drugs were initially used to
treat advanced cancers that hadn't responded to
chemotherapy or cancers that had returned
despite treatment.
 However, because these treatments have proved
to be effective, certain monoclonal antibody
treatments are being used earlier in the course
of the disease.
 For instance, rituximab can be used as an initial
treatment in some types of non-Hodgkin's
lymphoma, and trastuzumab (Herceptin) is used
in the treatment of some forms of early breast
cancer.
 Many of the monoclonal antibody
therapies are still considered
experimental. For this reason, these
treatments are usually reserved for
advanced cancers that aren't
responding to standard, proven
treatments