Framed structures

Objective
     

Stress / strain Tensile testing Understand different types of frames; Redundancy Stability Calculate forces in frames.

Definitions
        

Tensile force Compressive force Shear force Stress Strain Shear stress Shear strain Elasticity Elasticity modulus

Material Testing.
Materials are tested to determine their:
Physical & Mechanical properties. Physical condition. & therefore their suitability for a particular application.

Categories of material test

Non Destructive Testing.

Destructive Testing.

Destructive Testing.
The material is tested until it is:
Deformed Damaged Fractured

Destructive Testing.
Readings recorded. Readings compared with standards. Material properties identified.

Destructive Testing.
Destructive testing undertaken to determine a materials:
Tensile strength. Toughness. Hardness. Ductility.

Tensile Testing.
Material in TENSION when stretched.

Stretching called TENSILE LOAD.

Tensile Testing.

Tensile test is carried out on a

TENSOMETER.

Tensile Testing.
Throughout test readings of: applied load and Extension

recorded.

Tensile Testing.
Test results converted into a graph.

Graph shape compared with other tensile test graphs.

Tensile Testing.
Throughout test readings of: applied load and extension

recorded.

Tensile Testing.
1. 2. Place sample in machine jaws. Turn the hand wheel clockwise until the pointer on the DTI moves. Note the position of the groove on the hand wheel. Zero the DTI. Turn hand wheel through one revolution. Record DTI reading. Continue this sequence. For EACH revolution of hand wheel record DTI reading.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Undertake the Tensile Test.

Converting the results.

Specimen elongation given by subtracting DTI reading from number of turns. eg. 3 turns giving a DTI reading of 2.83 (3 2.83 = 0.17mm extension). Force is given by DTI reading x 100. eg. DTI reading = 2.83 x 100 = 283 Newtons force.

Typical Force / Extension Curve.

Tensile test practice

Do handout questions. Perform tensile test in lab.

Truss Framed structure

Uses:
 

Bridges -A Roof- B

Joints are assumed to be frictionless pin-joints

Parts
 

 

Each part is called a member. They are either in tension or compression, depending on the structure and loading. In compression they are called struts In tension they are called ties

Plane trusses


In groups of 2, build a truss:

3 members, 3 joints, length=200mm, 150mm, 150mm 4 members, 4 joints, 200mm, 200mm, 250mm, 100mm. 5 members, 4 joints, 200mm, 200mm, 250mm, 100mm, 5 member to fit across opposite corners.

Stability?


Which of the trusses you made are stable, and which are unstable? Can you think of a formulae that would tell us if it going to be stable? What if we add an additional member to example 3 without additional joints?

Redundancy


If we have a stable structure and we add one more member, that member will be redundant.

Statically determinate:
Structure Unstable: m+3<2j Stable with no redundancy: m+3=2j Stable with redundancy: m+3>2j j m

Analysis of frameworks:


Example 1

Analysis of frameworks:

Factor of Safety / Safety factor



This is a value engineers use in DESIGN in order to ensure they are well below the UTS of the component. This is based on:

the criticality of the component economics of weight (e.g. aircraft) Accuracy of design method and analysis.

F .O.S !

UTS W Allowable

Factor of Safety / Safety factor



But often we do not want the component to deform permanently so,

F .O.S !

W yield W Allowable

Exercise sheet: Framed structures