Professional Documents
Culture Documents
by
ANOOP P. S.
S3 MBA 2007-09 School Of Management Studies Cusat, Kochi-22
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Inventory Definition
A stock of items held to meet future demand Inventory is a list for goods and materials, or those goods and materials themselves, held available in stock by a business.
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Introduction
Constitute significant part of current assets On an average approximately 60% of current assets in Public Limited Companies in India A considerable amount of fund is required Effective and efficient management is imperative to avoid unnecessary investment Improper inventory management affects long term profitability and may fail ultimately 10 to 20% of inventory can be reduced without any adverse effect on production and sales by using simple inventory planning and control techniques 1/19/2012 3
Types of Inventory
Work in process
Vendors
Work in process
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Nature of Inventories
Raw Materials Basic inputs that are converted into finished product through the manufacturing process Work-in-progress Semi-manufactured products need some more works before they become finished goods for sale Finished Goods Completely manufactured products ready for sale Supplies Office and plant cleaning materials not directly enter production but are necessary for production process and do not involve significant investment.
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Pricing related:
Temporary price discounts Hedge against price increases Take advantage of quantity discounts
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To maintain a optimum size of inventory for efficient and smooth production and sales operations To maintain a minimum investment in inventories to maximize the profitability Effort should be made to place an order at the right time with right source to acquire the right quantity at the right price and right quality
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Ensure a continuous supply of raw materials to facilitate uninterrupted production Maintain sufficient stocks of raw materials in periods of short supply and anticipate price changes Maintain sufficient finished goods inventory for smooth sales operation, and efficient customer service Minimize the carrying cost and time Control investment in inventories and keep it at an optimum level
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Carrying costs: Warehousing or storage Handling Clerical and staff Insurance Interest Deterioration,shrinkage, evaporation and obsolescence Taxes Cost of capital
Unnecessary tie-up of firms fund and loss of profit involves opportunity cost Excessive carrying cost Risk of liquidity- difficult to convert into cash Physical deterioration of inventories while in storage due to mishandling and improper storage facilities
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Dangers of under-investment
Production hold-ups loss of labor hours Failure to meet delivery commitments Customers may shift to competitors which will amount to a permanent loss to the firm May affect the goodwill and image of the firm
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Classification of inventory
ABC Classification HML Classification XYZ Classification VED Classification FSN Classification SDF Classification GOLF Classification SOS Classification
ABC Classification
In most of the cases 10 to 20 % of the inventory account for 70 to 80% of the annual activity. A typical manufacturing operation shows that the top 15% of the line items, in terms of annual rupees usage, represent 80% of total annual rupees usage. Next 15% of items reflect 15% of annual rupees Next 70% accounts only for 5% usage
A B C
XYZ Classification
On the basis of value of inventory stored Whereas ABC was on the basis of value of consumption to value. X High Value Y Medium value Z Least value Aimed to identify items which are extensively stocked.
HML Classification
On the basis of unit value of item There is 1000 unit of Q @ Rs. 10 and 10,000 units of W @ Rs. 5. Aimed to control the purchase of raw materials. H High, M- Medium, L - Low
VED Classification
Mainly for spare parts because their consumption pattern is different from raw materials. Therefore V items has to be stocked more Raw materials on market demand and D Items has to be less stocked Spare parts on performance of plant and machinery. V Vital, E Essential, D Desirable
FSN Classification
According to the consumption pattern To combat obsolete items F Fast moving S Slow moving N Non Moving
Based on source of procurement S Scarce, D- Difficult, E- Easy. GOLF G Government, O Ordinary, L Local, F Foreign.
SOS Classification
Assume an analyst applies an inventory model that does not allow for spoilage to a grocery chains ordering policy for lettuce and formulates the strategy of ordering lettuce in large amounts every 14 days. A little thought will show that this is obliviously foolish. This strategy implies that lettuce will be spoiled. However it is not a failure of inventory, it is a failure to apply the correct model.
Different approaches
Certainty approach Uncertain variables and risk are addressed separately Uncertainty approach Uncertain variables and risk are addressed simultaneously Deterministic approach Probabilistic approach
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gives answer to question How much to Order Re-order point gives answer to question when to order
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T1
T2 Time
T3
T4
1. Here the negative slope from Q to T1 represents the inventory being used up 2. T1, T2, T3, T4 represents the replenishment points 3. The inventory varies between 0 and Q
Cost in RS.
This model can be extended to include quantity discounts, were simple calculation for quantity discount is added. Non zero lead time Non zero lead time
Non zero lead time If the lead time is n then procurement must be done prior to n days, i.e. T-n as shown in the figure
Q
Reorder point 0
T1 - n T1 T2 - n T2 Time T3 - n T3 T4 - n T4
Placement of a order
1.
2.
In practical inventory management assumption may not be strictly correct. Demand may fluctuate over time due to seasonal, cyclical and random influences. Lead time may also fluctuate because of transportation delay, strikes or natural disaster. For such reason most of the companies use safety stock.
But in some cases even the safety stock becomes ineffective to combat stock out. Like:-
Placement of order
Lead time
Stock out
A Review
So we have dealt with
1. 2. 3.
EOQ model Its extension Probabilistic model And now we will be dealing with
4.
special
inventory models
Thus the inventory is replenished gradually than in lots Particularly in situation were manufacturers use continues production process e.g. FACT makes Ammonium on a continual basis
Discount Quantities
If discount increases with the order quantity, then the price of inventory is no more constant
If a newspaper seller does not buy enough papers to resell on the street corner, sales opportunity is lost. If the seller buys too many, the overage cannot be sold because nobody wants yesterdays newspaper.
3.
Option price model Risk adjusted discount cash flow (DFC) Model Dynamic inventory model
Option is a contract that gives the holder a right to acquire or sell certain things at a predetermined price without any obligation. Calculated by integrating the market information and inventory control.
1. 2. 3.
Uncertain variables are identified Probability associated with them is taken Simulation techniques are applied
Entering into log term contract at a fixed price to reduce uncertainties Just-in-time Kanbans Japanese technique (Only produce when demand comes) Internet based ordering system Supply chain management Vendor development Investment in plant and machinery
Purchasing naturally has vest interest in inventories, even to the extend that in some companies the purchasing and stores functions are combined. In effect the responsibility cannot be kept Production looks after the work in progress on one head since inventory management Logistics plays a major role effort is a integrated in inventory control Inventories are economic importance to finance department The fact that materials must be moved from one place to another is of importance to materials department
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