MORPHOLOGY

What is a word?

WINTER
Template

01

Word
Special phonetic properties

Some words bear stress others do not Some words are set off intonational cues but others are not
pronuntiation Meaning / form

Pronuntiation / form meaning

The hunters chased a fox fox

was chased by the hunters

Hunters
e rs

Erhunts

serhunt

word

Minimal meaninful units of language

morphemes

Hunt- er - s
morphemes
Arbitrary signs

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Word structure

1 MORPHEME

3 MORPHEMES

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Word formation

N =happiness V AF V

N=worker AF

happy

ness

work

er

In this process a new word is created from a base throught the addition of an affix,and it also changes the category and or the meaning of the base to which it applies.

English Derivational Affixes

verb + able = adj (able to be xed) FIX + ABLE = FIXABLE noun + less penny + less prefix + adj noun un + happy happiness = adj ( without X) = penniless + + suffix ness = =

WORD FORMATION BY AFFIXES

PREFIXES un mis pre dis usual pronounce departure respect SUFFIXES care less child ish marx ism red ness SUFFIXES ty ness able

PREFIXES AND dis loyal un happy dis agree

COMPOUNDIG AND MULTIWORD UNITS

COMPOUNDING: Is the creation of new words out of several existing ones,in which independent words can accur together to form a compound word. SOME TYPES OF COMPOUNDS
NOUN + NOUN chain-smoker landlord snail mail ADJECTIVE + NOUN high chair blackboard wildfire PREPOSITION+N OUN overdose underdog underarm VERB + NOUN go-cart swearword scarecrow

ADJECTIVE + ADJECTIVE re- hot icy-cold bittersweet

NOUN + ADJECTIVE sky blue earthbound skin-deep

PREPOSITION + VERB oversee overstuff underfeed

COMPOUNDS ARE NOT LIMITED TO TWO WORDS

sailboat sailboat rigging sailboat rigging desing sailboat rigging desing training sailboat rigging desing training institute

- bathroom - ape-man - high chair - community center finance commitee - The third -and fourth -grade teachers met with the parents.

Compounds consists of - a head (the right element,carrying the principal meaning) -a modifier(the left element) Ex. High Chair head modifier

STRESS PATTERN
- a greenhouse = place where we grow plants (compound noun) - a green 'house = house painted green (adjective and noun) -a 'bluebird = type of bird (compound noun) - a blue 'bird = any bird with blue feathers (adjective and noun) - a highchair =a special kind of chair that babies sit in.(compound noun) -a high chair = some chair that happens to be high(adjective and noun)

MEANING OF COMPOUNDS
Consider the contrast between the compounds: - alligator shoes(shoes made of alligator hide) - horseshoes(are iron shoes for horses hooves) - salt pile(pile made of salt) - saltshaker(is not a shaker made of salt) - apron string (kind of string) - string apron (kind of apron)

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Other word formation processes

Blending
Is the process of combining 2 separate forms to produce a single new term.

Smog = smoke + fog

Brunch = breakfast + lunch Because = by + cause Cellophane = cellulose + diaphane Motel = motor + hotel Telethon = telephone + marathon Workaholic = work + alcoholic Goodbye = God + be (with) + ye O'clock = of (the) + clock Emoticon = emotion + icon

Clipping
When a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form.

Doc (Doctor)

Fan (Fanatic) Sitcom (Situation comedy) Exam (Examination) Gym (Gymnastics) Math (Mathematics) Lab (Laboratory)

Backformation
A word of one type is reduced to form another word of a different type. Television (noun) Televise (verb)

Donate Babysit Editor Sculptor

Donation Babysitter Edit Sculpt

Conversion
Its the creation of a word from an existing word without any change in form.

Adjectives to nouns

Adjective: CLEAN To the verb: TO CLEAN

Noun Access Can Host Salt Google To access To can To host To salt To google

Verb

Acronyms
A word formed from the initial letters of a name or by combining initial letters or parts of a set of words. UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization

ONU OTAN UNICEF FMI

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Additional formations

COINAGE Is the invention of new words Example Aspirin, nylon, zipper, kleenex, teflon and xerox

BORROWINGS There are borrowings whose form is changed so that they look like native words in the borrowing language. Is a word or phrase adopted from one language into another

Words whose form has changed:

Words which remain the same:

Example:

Example:

* Computadora ----- Computer * Cultura------------- Culture * Difcil---------------- Difficult * Vagn---------------- Wagon * Enciclopedia---- Encyclopaedia

* Software--------------- Software * Color ------------------- Color * Zebra ------------------- Zebra * Doctor ------------------ Doctor * Piano ------------------- Piano

Borrowing examples
Word Memorandum Latin Origen

Alcohol

Arabic

Boss Croissant

Duch

French

Yogurt

Turkish

Inflection

Is a morphological process that modifies a words form in order to mark the grammatical subclass.The inflection doesnt change the gramatical category of the word to which it applies so it does not create new words

English inflectional affixes