Voltage Stabilization And Reactive Compensation Using A Novel FACTS- STATCOM Scheme

A.M. Sharaf & M. S. El-Moursi Department of Electrical/Computer Engineering, University of New Brunswick PO Box 4400-UNB, Fredericton, N.B., Canada, E3B 5A3 Email : sharaf@unb.ca, m.shawky@unb.ca

Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)

STATCOM Definition
The Static Synchronous Compensator is a shunt-connected reactive power compensation device that is capable of generating and/or absorbing reactive power at a given bus location and in which the output can be varied.

Structure
It consists of a step-down transformer with leakage reactance , a three phase GTO voltage source converter (VSC), and a DC sidecapacitor. The AC voltage difference across the interface transformer leakage reactance XT produces reactive power exchange between the STATCOM local bus and the power system bus at the point of shunt interface.

OBJECTIVES
Dynamic voltage control in transmission and distribution systems; Power electromechanical-oscillation damping in power transmission system; Transient stability Enhancement; Voltage flicker control; and Possible control of not only the reactive power Q but also the active power in the connected line, this requires a sustainable dc side energy source (Battery or DC source).

Figure1: The STATCOM principle diagram

The exchange of reactive Power Can be controlled by varying the amplitude of Es. If Es>Et, the reactive power flow from the VSC STATCOM to AC system (Capacitive Operation).

If Es<Et, the reactive power flow from the AC System Bus to the Converter (Inductive Operation). If Es = Et, STATCOM is small flow. (floating non-active state) only P

The net instantaneous power at the ac output terminals must always be equal to the net instantaneous power at dc-input terminals by neglecting switching losses. The converter simply interconnects the three phase terminals so that the reactive output phase currents can flow freely among them. Although the reactive current is generated by the action of the solid state switches. The capacitor is still needed to provide a circulating current path as well as act as voltage source storage.

Electrical & Computer Engineering Department University of New Brunswick Model Digital Simulation

Figure 2: Sample three-bus study system with the STATCOM located at Bus B2

Table 1: Table of selected power system parameters

Three Phase AC Source Rated Voltage Frequency Short Circuit Level Base Voltage X/R Transmission Line Resistance Reactance Power Transformer Nominal Power Frequency Prim. Winding Voltage Sec. Winding Voltage Magnitization Resistsnce Magnitization Reactnace Three Phase Loads Laod 1 Active Power (PL1) 1 [pu] 0.8 [pu] 300 [MVA] 60 [Hz] 230 [kV] 33 [kV] 500 500 0.05 [pu] 0.2 [pu] 230*1.03[kV] 60 [Hz] 10000 [MVA] 230 [kV] 8 Active Power (PL2) Reactive Power (QL2) Laod 3 Active Power (PL3) Reactive Power (Qc3) STATCOM Primary Voltage Secondary Voltage Nominal Power Frequency Equivelant Capacitance Coupling Transformer Nominal Power Frequency Prim. Winding Voltage Sec. Winding Voltage GTO Switches Snubber Resistance Snubber Capacitance Internal Resistance No. of Bridge arm 1e5 [ohm] inf 1e-4 [ohm] 3 100 [MVA] 60 [Hz] 138 [kV] 230 [kV] 138 kV 15 kV 100 MVAR 60 [Hz] 750 F 0.6 [pu] 0.4 [pu] 0.7 [pu] 0.5 [pu]

Reactive Power (QL1) Load 2

48 Pulse Voltage Source Converter

Figure 3: 48-pulse Voltage Source Converter STATCOM.

1. 5

18

48 pulse converter output voltage

16

1
14

0. 5
%THD

12

10

-0. 5
4

-1

-1. 5 0. 6

0. 6 1

0. 6 2

0. 6 3

0. 6 4

0. 6 5

0. 6 6

0. 6 7

0. 6 8

6 pulse VSC

12 pulse VSC 5th 7th

48 pulse VSC

Time (sec)

Figure 4: output phase voltage for the 6, 12 and 48-pulse VSC.

Decoupled (d-q) current controller

PI Controller

Figure 5: Proposed STATCOM Decoupled Current Control System.

Electrical & Computer Engineering Department The newUniversity ofis based on a decoupled current control strategy control system New Brunswick
using both direct and quadrature current components of the STATCOM AC current.

The supplementary additional damping regulator is to correct the phase angle of the STATCOM device voltage,

, with respect to the positive/ negative sign of this variations.

The operation of the STATCOM-FACTS scheme is Validated for both capacitive and inductive modes of operations.

Dynamic Performance of the STATCOM

The STATCOM Validated for both Capacitive & Inductive modes of operations under the following System load disturbance. Load Switching 1- At t = 0.5 Sec, Load 2 (PL2 = 0.7 pu & QL2=0.5 pu) is added to load 1 (PL1 = 1 pu & QL1=0.8 pu) that connected from beginning. 2- At t = 1 Sec, Capacitive Load 3 (PL3 = 0.6 pu & QL3=0.4 pu) is added to load 1& 2 3- At t = 1.5 Sec., both loads 1 & 2 are removed

1.4

1.2

pu

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 Bus Voltage (B2) Real Transmitted Pow er Reactive Transmitted Pow er

Without STATCOM

With STATCOM

Figure 5: Comparison of Bus Voltage VB2, PL and QL for uncompensated and compensated system.

Digital Simulation Results

Converter Phase Displacement (E) vs t
8 6 1. 1 1. 08 1. 06

Terminal Voltage of the STATCOM

Phase Displacement (Degree)

Terminal Voltage (pu)

2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0. 8 1 1. 2 1. 4 1. 5 1. 6 1. 8 2

1. 04 1. 02 1 0. 98 0. 96 0. 94 0. 92 0. 9 S TA TC O M C onnet c ed 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0. 8 1 1. 2 1. 4 1. 5 1. 6 1. 8 2 Load 2 Injec ted Load 3 Injec ted

1,2 Load 2, 3
R ejec ted

1,2

Time (sec)

Time (sec)

3.5

x 10

Capacitor dc Voltage
2 Load 2 Injec t ed Load 3 Injec t ed 1.5

Active & Reactive Power of STATCOM vs t

Load 3 Connec ted Load 2, 3 1,2 Rejec t ed

P&Q of the STATCOM (pu)

Q
Load 2 Connec ted

2.5 Load1,2 2,3 Rejec t ed S TA TCO M Connetc ed

Vdc

0.5

Capacitive Mode

1.5

P
0

0.5

-0. 5

Inductive Mode
S TA TCO M Connec ted 0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.8 2

0 0.1 0.2

0.4 0.5 0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4 1.5 1.6

1.8

-1

Time (sec)

Time (sec)

Figure 6 : The digital simulation results of the STATCOM operation under electric load excursion.

Digital Simulation Results

Voltage & Current of the (VSC) STATCOM
Vs & Is of the (VSC) STATCOM
Capacitive Mode Is
1

direct & quadrature Components of STATCOM currents

Id &Iq C omponents of the S TA TC OM current (pu)
1

1.5

Inductive Mode Vs

0.5

0.5

Id

-0.5

-0.5

Iq
-1

-1

-1.5 1.4

1.45

1.5

1.53 1.55

1.6

1.65

1.7

-1.5

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Time (sec)

Time (sec)

Id & Iq Components of the Tran. Line Current (pu)

Active & Reactive Power of Trans.Line vs t

Load 3 Injec ted Load 2 Injec ted

2.5 2

direct & quadrature Components of T.L Current

P&Q of The Trans. Line (pu)

Id
1.5 1 0.5 0

STATCOM Connected

P
1,2 Load 2, 3 R ejetc e d

Iq
-0.5 -1 -1.5

-1

-2

0 0.1 0.2

0.4 0.5 0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4 1.5 1.6

1.8

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Time (sec)

Time (sec)

Figure 7 : The digital simulation results of The STATCOM operation under electric load excursion.

Measured & Reference Voltage of the STATCOM Controller

1.3

Measured & Reference Quadrature Current (pu)

1.5

Vmeas. & Vref of the STATCOM Controller

1.2 1.1

Iqm & Iqref (pu)

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4

0.5

-0. 5

0 0.1 0.2

0.4 0.5 0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4 1.5 1.6

1.8

-1

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Time (sec)

Time (sec)

Figure 8: Reference & Measured Voltage as the input of Voltage regulator.

Total Harmonic Distortion of the Converter Voltage
3 2.5

Figure 9: Reference & Measured current as the input of current regulator.

THD

1.5

0.5 0.1 0

NB:(THD) is at minimum value due to the use of 48 pulse (VSC) Converter

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

-0. 5

Time (sec)

Figure 10: The Total Harmonic Distortion of the Converter output voltage.

Conclusion
This paper presented a novel full STATCOM 48 pulse model of cascade converter and its use for reactive power compensation and voltage regulation. A detailed model of the s100 MVAR STATCOM has been developed and connected to the 230 kV AC grid network in order to provide the required reactive compensation. The full 48 pulse model of STATCOM is controlled by a novel dual loop current decoupled controller and the STATCOM facts device is validated as an effective reactive power compensator and Voltage stabilization scheme. The control process has been developed based on a decoupled current strategy using direct and quadrature STATCOM current. The operation of the STATCOM is validated in both capacitive and inductive operational modes in the sample power transmission system. The dynamic simulation results have demonstrated the high quality of the 48 pulse STATCOM for reactive power compensation and voltage regulation while the system subjected to disturbances such as switching different types of loads. The full 48 pulse model can be utilized in other Facts device studies such as Active Power Filters and new hybrid stabilization topologies