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Reservoirs planning, design & operation. Dams types, percolation & seepage. Design of hydraulic structures. Design of channels & canal lining. Design of foundations in permeable soil. Pumping stations & hydroelectric power.

Hydraulic is a practical study of water flow problems. Basic hydraulic principles & terminology must be understood completely to solve flow problems.

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Terminologies: Area, Wetted Perimeter, & Hydraulic Radius. Area: Is the cross-sectional area of flow within channel. Prismatic channel is a channel that have uniform cross-sectional shape, slope, and roughness. Open channel flow or free-surface flow is a channel, its flow is open to the atmosphere such as river or partial culvert. Full-flow is a full flow channel, such as water distribution pipe.

Pressure flow is a special type of full flow in it forces on the fluid cause it to push against the top, bottom, and all sides of the channel. These forces may result from the weight of a column of water in sewer or elevated storage tank. Wetted perimeter: Is the portion of the channel in contact with the flowing fluid. Hydraulic radius of section: Is area of crosssectional area of a channel divided by wetted perimeter of the channel in contact with flowing fluid. R=A/Pw

Velocity is not constant throughout the crosssectional area. It is zero where the fluid is in contact with the conduit wall. So, engineer will used average velocity for analysis purposes which is the total flow rate divided by the cross-sectional area, and is in units of length/time. V = Q/A, where Q=flow rate (m3/s) & A= area (m2) Steady flow: Is constant flow rate (i.e., the velocity does not change with respect to time at a given location).

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Laminar flow: Is smooth and streamlines are predictable (i.e., the paths of single fluid particles). Turbulent flow: Is not smooth (i.e., eddy flow) and streamlines are not predictable. Reynolds number: Is an index which will be used to classify flow into laminar or turbulent. Re = 4VR/v. Where, Re= Reynolds# (unitless), V= average velocity (m/s), R=hydraulic (m), & v=kinematic viscosity (m2/s)

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Range of Reynolds number: In closed conduits: Below 2000, flow is laminar, above 4000, flow is turbulent, & between 20004000 flow may be either of two it depend on how insulated the flow is from outside disturbances. In open channel: Less than 500 flow is laminar, above 2000 flow is turbulent, and between 5002000 flow is transitional

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A rectangular concrete channel is 3.75 m wide and 3 m high. The water in the channel is 1.5m deep, if the flow rate in the channel is 45 m3/s. Calculate the cross-section area, wetted perimeter, hydraulic radius, determine if the flow is laminar or turbulent? Assume v = 1.5 * 10-6 m2/s Solution: A= 3.75*1.5= 5.625 Pw = W + Sides Pw = 3.75m + 2 * 1.5 m = 6.75 m R=A/Pw R = 5.625/6.75 = 0.83 m V = Q/A V = 45/5.625 = 8 m/s Re = 4VR/v, Re = 4* 8 m/s * 0.83 m / 1.5 * 10-6 m2/s = 1.8 * 107 > 4000, so the flow is turbulent.

Flow Characteristics: a) Flow Movement: Water flow from points of higher energy to points of lower energy (unless forced do opposite) until it reaches a point of equilibrium, such as ocean. This flow is made naturally through channels such as brooks, streams, and rivers or through man-made such as drainages, pipes, culverts, and canals
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