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Steel
Alloy of Fe & C C = 0.2% to 2.1%
Iron
Liquid
L + Fe3C
Steel
E+K
K + Fe3C
Cast Iron
723 C
E
0%
Cast Iron
Ternary alloy of Fe + C + Si Lower Melting point than Steel Better castability Low cost material use of sand casting Forms used Pipes / Machines / cylinder heads / cylinder blocks / gear boxes
Blast Furnace
Low ductility low elongation 0.6% High Thermal Conductivity / Damping Capacity Gray Iron forms With slow cooling (viz. heavy castings) High Silicon & Carbon
Very High Hardness Abrasion Resistance Brittle White Cast Iron Fracture surface is white Can be Heat treated
Shock Resistance Ductility & Machinability Malleable Cast Iron Heat treated White Cast iron Thinner Castings Railway Components
Popular name : SG Iron High Strength >gray cast iron Ductility 6 to 20% Casting of intrinsic shapes Ductile Cast Iron Machinability better than steel Crankshafts / disc brake callipers steering knuckles / Pipe and
Billion Tons
250 +
50 - 250
10 - 50
2.5 - 10
< 2.5
30000MT/Year
14000MT/Year
SG Cast Iron Iron Flakes to Nodules formation addition of nodularizing elements like Mg/Ce
Iron Ductile C 3 4% Si 1.8 2.8 % Mn 0.2 0.9% S 0.03 % max P 0.1% max Carbon form Nodules
Applications of S G Iron
Nodularizing Mechanism
Nodularizing is a simultaneous desulphurizing & deoxidizing Mg + S= MgS --------- Desulphurization Mg + O = MgO ------- Deoxidation Mg + Si + 3O = MgSiO3 2Mg + Si + 4O = Mg2SiO4 After this the growth of graphite proceed as nodules
Orthorhombic Irregular shape
Spheroidal
Graphite
As the solidification velocity increases with time the graphite flakes are converted to spheroids
After Mg Treatment
Inoculation
Silicon is graphite stabilizer in Cast Irons Provide nucleation sites for the carbon to precipitate as graphite rather than Fe3C Increases No. of nodules leading to finer structure of Cast Iron
Mg
12
RE
58
Rare earth reduces the negative effects of trace elements like Ar/Bi/Ti/Pb, forms intermetallic, also reduce sulphur
Ca
20
Reduces the reactivity of Mg and thus minimizing the fumes emission Initiate the modification process by reacting with S and O forming sulfide and silicate phase Aluminium in reduces undercooling and shrinkage tendency Base aluminum is low, a small amount of aluminum improves inoculation
Al
13
Plunger Process
Inmould Process
FeSiMg / Mg wire
Antimony
Degenerate Graphite nodules, white metal, solder, some spheroids accumulations torn some pig irons into small pieces. Promotes carbides and undesirable Bismuth containing graphite forms that reduce molds and core tensile properties coatings Promotes undercooled graphite. Combines with nitrogen to neutralize its effects Promotes hydrogen pinhole defects, Neutralizes nitrogen Some pig irons, steel scrap,
0.005
Bismuth
0.002
Titanium
0.05
Aluminum
0.6
Slag Sticking to lining FeSi refining Mg losses Skull formation Spillage losses Mould erosion Slag entrapped mtr Excessive undersize Capsule size generation