Ogan Gurel, MD

Biology 301
Lecture # 19
Roosevelt University

Biology 301
Cellular and Molecular Biology
Spring 2002

Lecture #19 - Biochemical energetics

 Ogan Gurel, MD
Biology 301
Lecture # 19
Roosevelt University

Overall Outline
 Energy
 ATP
 Oxidation & Reduction
 Ogan Gurel, MD
Biology 301
Lecture # 19
Roosevelt University

Energy
 Free energy
 Free energy relations
 Overview of cellular respiration
 Overview of glycolysis
 Overview of the TCA cycle
 Overview of electron transport
 Overview of oxidative phosphorylation
 Ogan Gurel, MD
Biology 301
Lecture # 19

Free energy
Roosevelt University
 Ogan Gurel, MD
Biology 301
Lecture # 19

Free energy relations

Roosevelt University
Overview of cellular Ogan Gurel, MD
Biology 301
Lecture # 19

respiration
Roosevelt University
 Ogan Gurel, MD
Biology 301
Lecture # 19

Overview of glycolysis
Roosevelt University

ANAEROBIC 
 
  Glucose is broken down to lactate 
  NADH produced is oxidized by pyruvate 
  Net 2 ATP are produced 
  Reactions are relatively quick 
 
AEROBIC 
 
  Glucose is broken down to pyruvate 
  NADH produced is oxidized by oxygen 
  Net 36 or 38 ATP are produced 
  Reactions are relatively slow 
 Ogan Gurel, MD
Biology 301
Lecture # 19

Overview of the TCA cycle

Roosevelt University

• Pyruvate (with 3 carbons)

is broken down to 3
molecules of carbon
dioxide.
• “High-energy” electrons
(in the form of NADH and
FADH2) and ultimately ATP
are produced.
Overview of electron Ogan Gurel, MD
Biology 301
Lecture # 19

transport
Roosevelt University

• NADH in
mitochondria is
oxidized to O2 by the
electron transport
chain — a series of
electron transfer
proteins embedded in
the inner
mitochondrial
membrane.
Overview of oxidative Ogan Gurel, MD
Biology 301
Lecture # 19

phosphorylation
Roosevelt University

H+ is extruded by the
ET chain and
subsequently allowed
back in by the
oxidative
phosphorylation
apparatus (coupled to
the formation of ATP).
These processes take
place on the inner
mitochondrial
membrane.
 Ogan Gurel, MD
Biology 301
Lecture # 19
Roosevelt University

ATP
 Phosphoanhydrides & Phosphoesters
 ATP
 Energy coupling
 Energy coupling by phosphate transfer
 The ATP cycle
 Ogan Gurel, MD

Phosphoanhydrides & Biology 301

Lecture # 19
Roosevelt University

Phosphoesters
Phosphoanhydrides are
common in ATP and other
“high-energy compounds.”
Phosphodiesters compose the
backbone of DNA and RNA.
 Ogan Gurel, MD
Biology 301
Lecture # 19

ATP
Roosevelt University
 Ogan Gurel, MD
Biology 301
Lecture # 19

Energy coupling
Roosevelt University
Energy coupling by Ogan Gurel, MD
Biology 301
Lecture # 19

phosphate transfer
Roosevelt University
 Ogan Gurel, MD
Biology 301
Lecture # 19

The ATP cycle

Roosevelt University
 Ogan Gurel, MD
Biology 301
Lecture # 19
Roosevelt University

Oxidation & Reduction

 Oxidation numbers
 Combustion
 Ogan Gurel, MD
Biology 301
Lecture # 19

Oxidation numbers
Roosevelt University

Oxidation = loss of electrons

Reduction = gain of electrons. ox #

Pure elements in any form 0

Oxygen (except peroxides H2O2) -2

Hydrogen +1
Hydrogen bonded to metal -1

All other oxidation states are selected to make

the algebraic sum equal to the formal charge

The  oxidation  number  doesn’t  necessarily  reflect  a  complete  transfer  of  electrons  but 
instead describes the relative shift of electrons based on certain conventions.
 Ogan Gurel, MD
Biology 301
Lecture # 19

Combustion
Roosevelt University