Computer and Microprocessor

computer

Computer is an electronic device that processes raw data to give information.

Types of Computer

Classification of computers is based on the usage, speed and size of computers

Microcomputers

Microcomputers are single user computer with input output devices, single in number. E.g. desktops, laptops, mobiles

Microcomputers:

Minicomputer : A multi-user computer capable of supporting 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously

Mainframe : A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously

Supercomputer : An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.

Block diagram of computer

CPU
(central processing unit)
ARITHMETIC & LOGICAL UNIT

ALU CU

INPUT UNIT

OUTPUT UNIT

CONTROL UNIT

MU
MEMORY UNIT

Computer can be divided into two parts, that are:

>>Hardware >>Software
All the physical components of a computer which can be seen & touched is called hardware. That is the basic structure of computer.

Cpu
Processor is a digital semiconductor device which is main & costlier components of the system .It is also called the brain of the computer .

INPUT DEVICE

The user can enter the data & instructions with the help of input device.

Output Device

The result can be displayed by the devices like printer,moniter,speaker etc called output devices.

Motherboard

Main circuit board of the system. It contains the interfaces for the microprocessor, BIOS( Basic Input output System) memory and storage devices.

Power Supply

A Power Supply is the device that transfers Electric energy from the source to the load using electric circuits

Memory
Memory is like pages of notebook with space for fixed no. of binary digit on each line . It is needed to store programs data & result.

MEMORY

PRIMARY

SECONDARY

MAGNETIC

OPTICAL

AM (Volat ile or Tem porary) ROM (Non-Volat ile or Perm anent ) HARD DISC FLOPPY DISC *SRAM *DRAM PROM EPROM EEPROM

CD DVD

FLOPPY HARD DISK

PEN DRIVE

RAM
(Random Access Memory) 1> Its volatile memory 2> When power is off content of RAM get erased 3> RAM in G.B, M.B 4> Its read write memory 5> less costly

ROM
(Read Only Memory) non volatile Can store data even when power is off ROM in K.B Read memory more costly

SRAM

(Static RAM / Cache memory) 1> Its made up flip flop 2> no refreshing circuit Required

DRAM (Dynamic RAM/ System memory) made up by capacitor here required slower Large size consume less power

3> Its faster then DRAM 4 >Its small size . 5> costly and consume more power

Software

A set of instruction written for the microprocessor to perform a task is called program A group of programs is called software. Soft wares are designed using particular languages that are computer languages.

Computer language

Low level language<LLL> Ex- machine language Assembly language

High level language<HLL> Ex-BASIC-<beginners all purpose symbolic instruction code> FORTRAN-<formula translation> C,c++,etc

LLL are machine dependent

HLL are user dependent.

Machine language

Language of 0 & 1 is called machine language.

Assembly language
It is a language of Mnemonics. A program is written by using special codes called Mnemonics. For ex-add for addition, sub for subtraction

0110011

Add a,b

a+b

Assembler converts program written In assembly language to machine code . Assembler is a software program

Assembly language

ASSEMBLER

Machine code

Interpreter & Compiler

Converts hll to machine code

Interpreter
It takes one instruction translate it and then execute it then it patches the 2nd instruction translate it and then execute it. It does not translate the entire program at a time.

Com p ile r
It

t ranslat e t he whole program writ t en in hll t o m achine code.

Instruction Set:

computing (large no. Of instructions are required)

CISC-complex instruction set

computing (Small no. Of instructions are required)

RISC- Reduced instruction set

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN MICROPROCESSOR

A BUS, in computing, is a set of physical connections (cables, printed circuits, etc.) which can be shared by multiple hardware components in order to communicate with one another.

ADDRESS BUS:- Address bus is used to carry the addresses of data and stored in a memory location .It is always unidirectional .

DATA BUS Data bus is used to carry the data to and from the microprocessor . Whereas the data bus carries actual data that is being processed. It is always Bidirectional

Control bus

The physical connections that carry control information between the cpu and

other devices within the computer. For example, one line of the bus is used to indicate whether the CPU is currently reading from or writing to main memory

INTERNAL SPEED (Back side Bus) The speed with which micro processor process the data and execute the instructions is called Internal speed . It is measured in MHz , GHz . for example Pentium IV 2 . 4Ghz , 2 . 8 GHz .

EXTERNAL SPEED
The

speed with which micro processor sends data towards external memory ( RAM ) is called external speed . It is also called FSB ( Front Side Bus ). It is always less than Internal speed and measured in MHz . For Example :- 800Mhz .

Bus Standards
ISA : Industry Standards Architecture EISA : Extended Standards architecture PCI : Peripheral Component Interface PCIx: Peripheral Component interconnect Express PCIe : Peripheral Component Interconnect Extended.

PIPELINING :
An instruction pipelineis a technique used in the design of computers and other digital electronic devices to increase their instruction throughput Pipelining is a process where the microprocessor start executing second instruction before the execution of first instruction is completed. Due to pipelining , multiple instructions can be executed in less time.

MAR and MBR

CPU exchange data with memory using two internal register namely , MAR (memory address register) and MBR (memory buffer register) . MAR is used to specify address in memory for the next read or write. MBR contain the data written to the memory or receive from the memory .

Processor Clock
Clock signals defines the times instances for a digital system When the clock signal moves from 0 to 1, it is known as rising edge If the clock signal moves from 1 to 0, it is known as falling edge Clock rate can be defined with the length of the clock cycle R = 1/P (Clock rate is reciprocal of clock cycle)

Terms related With Operating system Operating System Provides an interface between the user and the machine. (Window98, XP, Vista,Window7)

LINKER: A linker is a program that is used to

join several object files into one large object file.

Editor Used to create and modify the source programs or text, letters, numbers, punctuation marks, assembly language programs and higher language program. Locator Used to assign the specific address of the location where the object code is to be loaded into the memory
DEBUGGER : Debugger is a program that is used for error checking after running the program.

SPEC:

System Performance Evaluation Corporation

System Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC) is an organization that selects and publishes the application programs for different application domains, with the test results for commercially available computers

MICROPROCESSOR

IT is a logical Programmable ,Multipurpose Semiconductor device.It takes binary inputs Process it with the help of instruction and Produce Binary outputs.

MICROPROCESSOR
ALU (ARITHMETIC& LOGIC UNIT) CONTROL UNIT DECODE UNIT PREFETCH UNIT BUS UNIT INSTRUCTION CACHE UNIT DATA CACHE UNIT REGISTER UNIT

ARITHMETIC & LOGIC UNIT

PERFORM ALL THE AIRTHMATIC CALCULATION SUCH AS ADDITON, SUBTRACTION AND THE LOGICAL CALCULATION USING THE AND & OR OPERATION.

CONTROL UNIT

CONTROLS THE FLOW OF THE DATA AND INFORMATION TO OTHER UNIT OF THE MICROPROCESSOR.

DECODE UNIT
The decode Unit decodes or translates complex machine language instructions into simple format understood by the ALU and the registers

BUS UNIT

This unit manage the flow in and out of instructions between the microprocessors and main memory of computer

INSTRUCTION CACHE UNIT

This unit store the data and instruction in the microprocessor.

PREFETCH UNIT

Analyzes the data and decides how to process it by looking for instructions in the instruction cache

DATA CACHE UNIT

Data from the Decoder Unit which will be used by the ALU are stored

REGISTER UNIT

ALU uses registers to store the data in order to complete the task requested by the Control Unit (Store data for temporary)

PENTIUM PROCESSOR

>> Commercial Computer Processor Manufacturers INTEL and AMD

IBM Computers Zilog Motarola SUN system

>> Make Processor for only thier dedicated or systems.

>> Make Processors for other devices

Tech, Power PC, National semiconductors

Evolution Of Microprocessors:
1971 1972 1974 1979 1982 1985 1989 1993 1997 1998 1999 2000

4004 >> It has only 2300 transistors, 4-bit Processor,108KHz. 8008 >> first 8bit Processor 4040/8080 80186 >> 8086was first 16 bit processor 80286 80386 series >> 32 bit processor 80486 series Pentium Family Pentium II Family Celeron/Xeon Family Pentium III Family Pentium IV Family >> 32 bit processor

Some Points About PENTIUM Processor Pentium processor has 32 bit and 64 bit address bus Pentium processors use the RISC concept to execute instruction It has a dual pipeline architecture On-chip APIC (Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller) 3.3V operation On chip cache memory separate code cache and data cache each 8 KB

Prefetcher Requests the instructions present in the code cache Prefetch Buffers There are four prefetch buffers in the processor which work as two independent pairs Instruction Decode Unit Process of decoding an instruction occurs in two stages Control Unit It consists of two units namely; Microcode Sequencer and Microcode Control ROM

Pa ck a g in g t yp e s in ICs
SIP: Single inline pin package DIP: Dual inline pin package QUIP: Quad inline pin package

Packaging Style Of Microprocessor DIP:- Dual In Line Pin Package

PGA :- Pin grid array

PPGA:- Plastic Pin Grid Array

In Plastic Pin Grid Array (PPGA), the microprocessor is packed in square box which fits into the Socket 370

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.Release 16/7/2009

BGA Ball grid array (controller

package)

LGA :- Land grid array

SECC:- Single edge contact cartridge

Microprocessor was entirely covered with a black plastic housing.

WIPRO:- Western Indian Product

IBM:- International Business Machine DELL:- Dell is the name of its founder(Micheal Dell) INTEL:- Integrated Electronics LG:- Lifes Good INFOSYS:- Information system HP:- Hewlett Packard HCL:- Hindustan Computers Limited AMD:- Advance Micro Devices