Viruses & Bacteria

Chapter 17 Biology 11
Presentation put together by Mandie Lynn Walls

What are Viruses

A virus is a non-cellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells.

T4 Bacteriophage

Herpes Virus

Escherichia Coli Bacterium

E. coli is a bacterium. That is a crude cell, it is not a virus because viruses are protein containers with DNA cores or RNA cores.

E. Coli and the Bacteriophage

What it looks like in real life

The Structure Of a Virus



Viruses are composed of a core of nucleic acid The Nucleic acid core is surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid The Nucleic core is either made up of DNA or RNA but never both

Cycle of Lytic and Lysogenic

Vaccines
Viruses grown on chicken embryos are attenuated vaccines Another type of vaccine is made by heat killing the virus

Retrovirus


Change DNA into RNA. Example of a Retrovirus is HIV

A typical, "minimal" retrovirus consists of: an outer envelope which was derived from the plasma membrane of its host many copies of an envelope protein embedded in the lipid bilayer of its envelope a capsid; a protein shell containing two molecules of RNA and molecules of the enzyme reverse transcriptase

Bacteria Cell

Prokaryotes
  

Cells that do not have a nucleus Exist almost every where on earth Grow in numbers so great you can see them with the unaided eye Are placed in either the Eubacteria or the Archebacteria Kingdoms Make up the smaller of the two kingdoms

Eubacteria
Make up the larger of the two prokaryote kingdoms Generally are surrounded by a cell wall composed of complex carbohydrates

Cyanobacteria
  

Photosynthetic bacterium BluishBluish-greenish color Contain membranes that carry out the process of photosynthesis Do not contain the same type of chloroplasts as plants do This bluish-greenish bluishalgae can be found nearly everywhere on earth. Can survive in extremely hot environments and even extremely cold environment

Archaebacteria
 Lack important carbohydrate found in cell walls  Have different lipids in their cell membrane  Different types of ribosomes  Very different gene sequences  Archaebacteria can live in extremely harsh environments  They do not require oxygen and can live in extremely salty environments as well as extremely hot environments.

Identifying Prokaryotes
Cell Shape Cell Wall Movement

Bacterium Shapes


 

Cocci~ Sphere shaped bacteria Bacillus~ Rod shaped bacteria Spirrillium ~ Spiral shaped bacteria Flagella~ Leg-like structures that help to propel the bacterium.

Gram + and Gram Bacterium Cell Walls

Cellular Walls
 

Chemical nature of a cell wall can be determined by Gram Staining By finding out what color the cell produces when it is gram stained you can figure out the type of carbohydrates in the cell wall

Movement
Flagella ~ Tail like structure the whips around to propel the bacterium Cillia ~ Miniature flagella surround the cell that help to swim Non motile ~ Sticky cillia like structures that keep the bacterium from moving

Flagella

Bacteria and their energy

 Autotrophs  Chemotrophs  Heterotrophs

Autotrophs
  

Make their own energy Using Solar energy Eg. Cyanobacteria

Chemotrophs
  

Make own Energy Using Chemical energy Eg. Archaebacteria

Heterotrophs
  

Obtain food By eating Eg. E-coli E-

Bacteria Respiration
 

Obligate Anaerobes Facultative Anaerobes Obligate Aerobes

 

Live without Oxygen Can live with or without oxygen Cannot live without oxygen.

Bacteria Reproduction
  

Binary Fission Conjugation Spore Formation

Cellular organism copies its genetic information then splits into two identical daughter cells

Conjugation


A type of Bacteria Sex Two organism swap genetic information, that contains the information such as a resistance to penicillin

Spore Formation: Endospore

 A type of dormant cell  Exhibit no signs of life  Highly resistant to environmental stresses such as: -High temperatures -Irradiation -Strong acids -Disinfectants  Endospores are formed by vegetative cells in response to environmental signals that indicate a limiting factor for vegetative growth, such as exhaustion of an essential nutrient.

Symbiosis


Close relationship between to species in which at least one species benefits from the other Live together for LIFE

Parasitism


Bacteria exploit the host cell, injuring them Eg. Mychobacterium tuberculosis

Mutualism


Symbiosis in which two of the species live together in such a way that both benefit from the relationship Eg. E-coli

Nitrogen Fixations
Process by which nitrogen in the atmosphere is converted into a form that can be used by living things

THE END

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