Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FACULTAD DE MEDICINA
A. Ferreira-Alemo, MD PhD
The purpose of this research, which was presented as a Doctoral Thesis, at UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID is draft a method of: - diagnosis, - screening and - monitoring of the colon and rectum cancer, founded on technical and current concepts of Molecular Biology
This new method allows a diagnosis in a "pre-carcinoma in situ stage, since it is based on the phenotype of mucosal cells, composed of very high quantities of free ribosomes in the cytoplasm of colonocytes, which can be quantified by means of the of the flow cytometry, after its isolation, and labelled with fluorochromes.
The repeated records of those quantities of free ribosomes, establishes a graphic curve (RIBOGRAMA) that represents the degree of a malignant tendency, which above a certain level of concentration, allows to say that the cells in a tissue (of the colon and rectum, e.g.) can be considered in the process of developing carcinoma in the colon-rectum mucosa, before any macroscopic viewing (endoscopy).
RNA DNA
FREE RIBOSOMES
MEMBRANE RIBOSOMES
CELLULAR NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
Free ribosomes are generally assumed to synthesize intracellular proteins (internal economy of the cell), whereas bound ribosomes synthesize proteins intended for secretion (exportation).
Schematic three-dimensional rough endoplasmic reticulum, showing the synthesis of proteins destined for export by ribosomes attached to membranes reticulum (signal sequence).
Upstream
side
RIBOSOME
Downstream side
Tumor Markers
2. Increased cell proliferation is a hallmark of agressive malignant neoplasms, which requires a general increase in protein synthesis and a specific increase in the synthesis of replication-promoting proteins.
(Tumor Markers)
3. Ribosome synthesis, or biogenesis, is a complex process dependent on the coordinated synthesis of approximately 85 ribosomal proteins, four ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and their subsequent processing and assembly into mature ribosomes.
MET 2,1
ANA 2,1
TEL 12,6
Minutes
It has been shown in polyoma virus-transformed cells that one of the key mechanisms for the loss of control of protein synthesis is an inability to decrease ribosome number, which correlated with proliferation of transformed cells in fresh media without addition of serum growth factors (Stanners et al., 1979).
RIBOGRAM CONCEPT
- From the subjective nature, relatively of the amount of free ribosomes, a diagnosis of malignancy is made just under the idea of the constancy property that consists of an great increase of free ribosomes in cells that are in a process of multiplication without self control, as in the case of malignant cells; - A malignant cell has a very high free ribosomes density that is a fundamental aspect of its phenotype; - So, naturally, to describe the quantities of free ribosomes it is necessary to create a language reproducible, not subjective, with mathematical translation, through a graphic curve that we call RIBOGRAMA.
RIBOGRAM CONCEPT
Several lines of evidence, some well established and recent, say emphatically the idea that RNA content is high in cancer cells and genetic events that lead to cancer are often linked directly or indirectly to the ribosome biogenesis.
RIBOGRAM CONCEPT
RIBOGRAM CONCEPT
In the decades of 60s and 70s were published studies concerning the accumulation of free ribosomes during chemical induction of neoplastic growth, through initiation by 7,12dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and promotion caused by 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13acetate, in the interfollicular areas of the dorsal skin of mice.
Accumulation of ribosomes in the process of oncogenesis
Case Number
Electrom Microscope Main General View Citoplasma filled numerous organelos, mitochondrias, free ribosomes, short
Diagnosis / Information
396
2 3
Glial C6 Cells transformadas Human adrenocortical carcinoma derived SW-13 cell lines
397 398
4 5
399 400
6 7
Hepatoma cell lines EBV Related liver tumor (occurring after kidney transplant) HEL cells human erytroleukemia induced
401 402
403
Membranes of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus were poorly developed in most neoplastic cell
Bronchogenic carcinoma
404
10
Oligodendroglioma
405
Case Number 19
Quantitative description of free ribosomes in EM (Electrom Microscope) exhibited greater activity (free ribosomes)
Diagnosis / Information
Hepatoma transplantable
414
20
415
21
Free ribosomes were the most prominent Moderate number of mitochondria, were cellular organelles randomly distributed. Poorly developed granular endoplasmatic reticulum
Nasofaringeal carcinoma
416
22
----------------------
417
23
Free ribosomes
Few organelles, small number of mitochondria, poor developed Golgi complexes inconspicuous rough endoplasmic reticulum
418
24
419
25
Thalamic tumor in a patient with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) [extranodal lymphoma of the skull]
420
Case Number 11
Electrom Microscope Main General View Enlarged mitochondria prominente smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum
Diagnosis / Information
406
12
-----------------------
407
13
Rat liver hepatocarcinogenesis induced by 0,25% DL ethiomine [hepatoma] Neuroblastoma cell lines
408
14
409
15
After 2 to 3 weeks of ATRA treatment ER and free ribosomes became rare as the maturation process
410
16
Metastatic (neck lymph node) malignant extrarenal rhabdoid tumor Ewings sarcoma
411
17
Inconspicuous rough -endoplasmic reticulum -small number of mitochondria -developed Golgi complexes
412
18
Colorectal polyps
413
Case Number 26
Quantitative description of free ribosomes in EM (Electrom Microscope) Accumulation of numerous free ribosomes
Electrom Microscope Main General View Marcadly increased vesicular trafficking the Golgi
Diagnosis / Information
421
27
Free ribosomes
422
28
423
29
424
30
Adrenocortical oncocytoma
425
31
Prominent nucleoli
426
32
427
33
428
Case Number 34
Electrom Microscope Main General View Prominent nucleoli, marked decrease in rough endoplasmic reticulum; abundant microphilaments and microtubules
Diagnosis / Information
429
35
Large nuclei with prominent nucleoli; small quantities of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
430
36
431
37
432
38 39
433 434
40 41
435 436
Case Number
Diagnosis / Information
References
42
43
438
44
Abundant mitochondria
439
45
440
46
lipomatous lesions in the liver of B6C3F1 mice Pituitary fibrosarcoma following radiotherapy
441
47
442
48
443
Case Number
Diagnosis / Information
References
49
desmosomes present
50
445
51
Some mithocondria and other poorly developed cytoplasmic organelles, suggesting undifferentiated nature
446
52
-----------------------
447
53
448
54 55
Paucity of organelles Little rough endoplasmic reticulum; few mitochondria; small Golgi complex
449 450
56
-----------------------
Malignant lymphoma
451
Case Number
Diagnosis / Information
References
58
Free ribosomes
453
59
-----------------------
454
60
455
61
Poor developed Golgi apparatus phenotypic features characteristics for myeloma cells
456
62
Human osteosarcoma
457
63
Numerous organelles many lysosomes, swollen mithocondria, Golgi complexes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
458
N de caso 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Descripcin cuantitativa de los ribosomas libres Numerous free ribosomes Free ribosomes randomly dispersed Free ribosomes excedingly abundant Numerous free ribosomes Increased free ribosomes Free ribosomes Numerous free ribosomes and polysomes Increase of free ribosome numbers Principal cytoplasmic organelles were free ribosomes into rosettes Rich in ...free ribosomes
Diagnosis/Information
Papilar Invasive Carcinoma Mammary Paget disease Intestinal Tumor Neuroblastoma Small cell carcinoma of the ovary Malignant fibrous histiocytoma Adenocarcinoma of ovary clear cell Hepatocarcinogenesis induced by ethionine Pituitary fibrosarcoma Rat malignant fibrous histiocytoma
Case Number
50 52 59 75 87 88 91 105 107 108
Diagnosis/Information
Small cell osteosarcoma Mouse mammary gland adenocarcinoma Human osteosarcoma Testicular seminoma Phylloides tumor of the prostate Malignant Choroid Plexus papiloma Malignant fibrous histiocytoma Small cell carcinoma of ovary Mammary Paget disease Adenocarcinoma of stomach
Diagnosis/Information
Small cell carcinoma of the ovary Neuroblastoma Rat hepatocarcinogenesis induced by ethionine Small cell osteosarcoma Transplantable Rat malignant fibrous histiocytoma Pituitary adenoma Large malignant choroid plexus Control neurocitoma
Case Number
142 151
Diagnosis/Information
Testicular seminoma Mouse mamary gland adenocarcinoma Osteosarcoma Mt TW15 mamosotrofic tumor Hyperplasic foci in precancerous rat liver Human tongue carcinoma cells Intestinal tumors
LEGEND:
Sample of cases 37 Phenotypes of malignancy observed 35 PERCENTAGE OF MALIGNANT TISSUES - 95%
Case Number
8 96 106 140 197
Diagnosis/ Information
Oligodendroglioma Adenocarcinoma of the stomach Oligodendroglioma Naked nuclei in breast aspirate smears Epidermal carcinogenesis
LEGEND:
Sample of cases 5 Phenotypes of malignancy observed 5 PERCENTAGE OF MALIGNANT TISSUES - 100%
Case Number
3 27 28 29 41 45
Diagnosis/Information
Case Number
90 95 98 104 115 116
Diagnosis/Information
Chemically induced mouse hepatoblastoma Adrenocortical carcinoma Carcinoma of thyroid gland Ductal papillary adenocarcinoma Carcinoma of endometrium Adrenocortical oncocytoma Epithelioid malignant schwannoma cell lise Mouse hepatoblastoma Vaginal hemangiopericytoma Brain tumor
Adrenocortical carcinoma Carcinoma of the endometrium Adrenocortical oncocytoma Chemical induced mouse hepatoblastoma Carcinoma do endometrium Epithelial malignant schwannoma cell line
51 69 71 80
Diagnosis/Information
Extra skeletal Ewings sarcoma Neuroblastoma Epithelial tumors induced in rat kidney Hepatoblastoma of foetal liver Hepatocellular tumors
Case Number
176 183 187 188 189 199 201
Diagnosis/Information
Adrenal cortical tumor Pseudolymphoma of the lung Salivary gland carcinoma Epithelioid sarcoma Malignant epithelioid schwannoma Primary lymphosarcoma of testis Ependymoma
LEGEND:
Sample of cases 36 Phenotypes of malignancy observed 34 PERCENTAGE OF MALIGNANT TISSUES - 94,4%
Case Number
33 37 49 60 73 89 101 102 112 122
Diagnosis/Information
NCI-H295 R cells Pulmonary clear cell carcinoma Colorectal epithelium tumors Subependymal giant cell tumor Pancreatic islet cell tumor Neuroblastoma cell line Primary osteoblast like cells Human pituitary tumor NCI-H 295 R cells (human adrenal cell lines) Pluripotent human germ cell tumor derivated cell line
Case Number
124 126 130 137 143 155 164 196 202
Diagnosis/Information
Pulmonary clear all carcinoma Colorectal tumors Human neuroblastoma cell line Malignant fibrous histiocytoma Pancreatic islet cell tumor Malignant lymphoma Spontaneous testicular neoplasm Epidermis experimental carcinogenesis Malignant lymphoma
LEGEND:
Sample of cases 19 Phenotypes of malignancy observed 17 PERCENTAGE OF MALIGNANT TISSUES - 89,4%
Case Number
6 11 15 19 22 23 32
Diagnosis/Information
Human erythroleukemia cells Rat liver hepatocarcinoma induced Ewings sarcoma Nasofaringeal carcinoma Adrenocortical carcinoma Thalamic tumor Pseudoductular changes in pancreas pigs
Case Number
62 77 79 84 100 109 110 113 120 133
Diagnosis/Information
Papillary thyroid carcinoma Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid Cutaneous neurofibromas R and T head and neck carcinomas Human erythroleukemia cells Transplantable hepatomas Adrenocortical carcinoma Pseudo-ductular changes in pancreas of pigs Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma Seminoma and parathyroid adenoma
34 35 47
Case Number
141 157 159 167
Diagnosis/Information
Medullary carcinoma Oesophageal epithelium dysplastic foci of the thyroid Pituitary adenomas Uveal malignant melanoma
Case Number
181 185 186 204
Diagnosis/Information
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the orbit Clear cell thyroid carcinoma Hepatocarcinoma Carcinogenesis induced by 4dimethylaminobenzene
LEGEND:
Sample of cases 38 Phenotypes of malignancy observed 35 PERCENTAGE OF MALIGNANT TISSUES - 92,2%
Diagnosis/Information
Glial C6 cells transformed Administration of ethionine female rats
Case Number
39
Diagnosis/Information
Human germ cell tumor derived cell line
5 7 12 14 16 17 21 25 36
40 42 43
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma Tapioca melanoma of the iris Lipomatous lesions in the liver of B6 C3 F1 mice
Bronchogenic carcinoma Neuroblastoma cell lines Malignant extra renal rhabdoid tumor Colorectal polyps Hepatoma transplantable Ewings sarcoma Carcinoma of thyroid gland Cortical dendritic spines
46
55 56 57 63 64
Lymphocytic leukaemia tumor Adenocarcinoma from aprocrine glands in dogs Carcinoma of lung Friend erythroleukemia cell growth
Diagnosis/Information
Hodgkins disease Hepatoma cells Hepatoma cells Astroblastoma Endometrial adenocarcinoma Clear odontogenic tumor Cell condrosarcoma
Case Number
82 83 85 86 92 94 97
Diagnosis/Information
Rat pheochromocytoma cell Carcinoma of endometrium Myelogenous leukaemia cell line Seminoma and parathyroid adenoma Myeloma cells Congenital fibrosarcoma Human tumoral ependymal cell lines
76 78 81
99 103 111
Ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas Carcinoma rat testis Human adrenal cell lines
Diagnosis/Information
Cerebral small cell tumor Embryonic rhabdomyosarcoma Nevic corpuscle Myelogenous leukaemia cell line Carcinoma of the endometrium Adrenal chromaffin and pheochromocytoma N-methyl-N-amilnitrosamina
Case Number
150 154 158 161 162 169
Diagnosis/Information
Carcinoma of the lung Adenocarcinomas (in dogs), aprocrine glands Branchiometric paragangliomes Adrenocortical carcinomas Melanocytomas of the optic nerve Transitional cloagenic carcinomas
139
170
Clear odontogenic tumor Rat ascitis hepatoma cells Rat ascitis hepatoma cells
Case Number
180 182 184 195 198 200 205
Diagnosis/Information
Establishment of a human rectal cancer cell line Pituitary adenomas Myeloma cells Adenocarcinoma of the human tuba uterina Pituitary thyrotrophic tumor Dermatofibroma (histiocytoma) Friend erythroleukemia cell growth
LEGEND:
Sample of cases- 70 Phenotypes of malignancy observed 67 PERCENTAGE OF MALIGNANT TISSUES - 95,7%
% Malignant tissues
37 5 36 19 38
35 5 34 17 35 67
1.
The RIBOGRAME graphic curve reflects a dynamic idea of changes in numerical values or quantities of all the free ribosomes. The density of free ribosomes is the trend of the phenotype of the malignancy of a cell, relatively to a normal range, of a community of cells under observation in regard to biomolecular behavior, representing a malignant growth of the cell phenotype, above a certain level of increase. It will be very important produce predictive mechanistic models based on tumor dynamics, reflecting the translation in the cell phenotype, for example (the count of free ribosomes) in a cell as the phenotypic alteration process under the oncogenic stimulus.
2.
3.
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT THE GRAPH CURVE OF RIBOGRAMA AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN THE CLINICAL PRACTICE AND OTHER RESEARCH FIELDS
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT THE GRAPH CURVE OF RIBOGRAMA AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN THE CLINICAL PRACTICE AND OTHER RESEARCH FIELDS
INTERPRETATION OF THE GRAPH IC CURVE (RIBOGRAMA) Curve that starts at the normal level and reaching the increased level, which involves care for a prophylactic study on the reasons or causes that determine its appearance. The cells at this level (increased) still have no security features of malignancy, but their increased number of ribosomes continues growing. The cell is transformed into a malignant phenotype (alarm level). At this point it is essential to make a dietary study to survey and identify possible mutations responsible for the uncontrolled growth of ribosome biogenesis in the process of carcinogenesis; Segment of the curve derived from the anterior (segment a-b), which already corresponds to the phenotypic alterations seen in electron microscopy, in which cells are already present with phenotypic features of malignancy (significant increase in median density of free ribosomes), which is the alarm level
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT THE GRAPH CURVE OF RIBOGRAMA AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN THE CLINICAL PRACTICE AND OTHER RESEARCH FIELDS
Segment of the curve, continuing the anterior segment, which represents the level of signs and symptoms of the CRC disease (clinical level); This segment of the curve corresponds to a change in direction of the curve a-b that results from preventive action and treatment (medications and special diet) Corresponds to a curve in which cells grow (multiply or proliferate) in a self-proliferation mechanisms increased, as in the case of the seminiferous tubules, or the endometrium. This increased level of ribosome biogenesis control is thereof within the physiological (non-malignant); Normal curve This work is intended to study the item colorectal cancer (CRC), in which ribograma curve is high, so it is not the time to talk about the meaning of it at low level. Still, in this level, it will be useful to study conditions of degeneration and involution of cells and tissues, either the intestinal mucosa, or other extraintestinal tissue.
While Ribograma method gives a quantity idea of the cell phenotipic view, the descriptions of Electron Microscope (EM) view of the cells with phenotypic characteristics of malignancy vary by greater or lesser degree of differentiation of its texture or morphology, but these descriptions are subjective, depending on the observer. In terms of molecular biology of cancer, the malignant transformation of the normal cells is the acquisition of a series of progressive specific genetic changes that act disobeying to the strong antitumor mechanisms that exist in all normal cells, which include: a) - regulation of signal transduction, b) - differentiation, c) - apoptosis, d) - DNA repair; e) - cell cycle progression, f) angiogenesis, g) - cell adhesion, which are not quantifiable, and in its whole do not allow a monitorization reproducible and practical . As in the descriptions of EM, these mechanisms of malignant transformation cannot be evaluated by mathematic criteria, because the described features cannot be quantified. Similarly, the properties of malignant transformed cells, growing in cell culture or in vivo, as observed by techniques of cell biology or molecular biology do not allow a rigorous quantitative assessment, because they depend on subjective criteria, without concrete numbers or standardized numerical limits.
A.
The characteristics listed in next table are properties of malignant transformed cells growing in cell culture (or in vivo), that are not susceptible of being quantified, while with the quantification free ribosomes it is possible to make comparisons, through counting them with the use of flow cytometry techniques. Then, with the count of free ribosomes is possible to compare the results with reference to the time variable, like it is done with the RIBOGRAMA concept. Of the characteristics listed in the next table it is not possible to register a numeric result, because they do not show a mathematic and reproducible dynamic trend growth and proliferation status of a set of cells belonging to a given tissue, but This is possible with the RIBOGRAMA concept.
B.
C.
PROPERTIES OF GROWING MALIGNANT TRANSFORMED CELLS IN A CULTURE OF CELLS AND /OR IN VIVO
1. Cytological changes similar to cancer cells in vivo, including increased cytoplasmic basophilia, number and size of the nuclei increased, increased nucleuscytoplasm relation, formation of clusters and cords of cells; 2. Altered growth characteristics; a. "Immortality" of the transformed cells in culture. Transformed malignant cells become "immortal" in that they can be transferred in culture indefinitely; b. Decreased dependent inhibition of cell density or loss of "contact inhibition." The transformed cells often grow to a density higher than their normal counterparts, and they can pile up in culture rather than stop growing when they contact each other; c. Decreased serum needs. The transformed cells require decreased concentrations of serum or growth factors to replicate in culture compared to cells not transformed. d. Loss of anchorage dependence and acquisition of the ability to grow in soft agar. The transformed cells may lose their need to grow attached to surfaces and can grow as colonies in semisolid free. e. Loss of cell cycle control. The transformed cells do not stop in G1, or borderline G1 / S cell cycle when subjected to metabolic constraints of growth. f. Resistance to apoptosis (programmed cell death). 3. Changes in the structure and function of the cell membrane - including increased agglutination by plant lectins, altered composition of cell surface glycoproteins, proteoglycans, glycolipids and mucins; appearance of tumor-associated antigens, and increased uptake of amino acids, hexoses and nucleotides. 4. Loss of cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix that promotes cell differentiation. 5. Loss of response to inducers of differentiation and altered cellular receptors for these agents.
PROPERTIES OF GROWING MALIGNANT TRANSFORMED CELLS IN A CULTURE OF CELLS AND /OR IN VIVO
6. Alteration of signal transduction mechanisms, including growth receptors constitutive phosphorylation cascades and mechanisms of dephosphorylation rather than a regulated function. 7. Increased expression of oncogenic proteins due to translocation, amplification and chromosome mutation. 8. Loss of protein products of tumor suppressor genes due to deletion or mutation. 9. Genomic misreading that causes the overproduction of growth-promoting substances, eg, IGF-2. 10. Increase, or unruly production, of growth factors, e g, TGF-alpha, tumor angiogenesis factor, PDGF, hematopoietic growth factors (e g, CSFs, interleukins). 11. Genetic instability, leading to progressive loss of regulated cell proliferation, enhanced invasion and increased metastatic potential. Genes "mutator" may be involved in this effect. 12. Altered enzyme profifes. The transformed cells have increased levels of enzymes involved in the synthesis of nucleic acids and produce higher levels of lytic enzymes, e g, proteases, collagenases and glycosidases. 13. Production of oncodeveloping gene products. Many malignant transformed cells growing in culture or in vivo produce increased quantities of oncofetal antigen (e g CEA), placental hormones (e g, chorionic gonadotropin), or isoenzymes feto-placental type (e g, placental alkaline phosphatase). 14. Ability to produce experimental animal tumors. This is the condition sine qua non that define the malignant transformation in vitro. If the cells that are thought to have been transformed do not product tumors in appropriate hosts animals, they can not be defined as "malignant". However, the failure to grow in an animal model does not exclude the fact that they can be tumorigenic in a different kind of animal. 15. Ability to avoid host antitumor immune response.
COLORECTAL CANCER
STATISTICS In Europe colorectal cancer (cancer of the colon and rectum) is the most common form of all the cancers. Each year over 200,000 citizens in Europe die from colorectal cancer (nearly two thirds of all cases diagnosed). Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide. Yet this disease is preventable in most cases and highly treatable if diagnosed in its very-early stage (pre-in situ stage ).
COLORECTAL CANCER
In colorectal cancer, to achieve the quantification of free ribosomes there are, mainly, the following steps:
a) creation of a device (kit to collect stools which have thousands of mucosal cells colonocytes - freed from the colonic and rectal mucosa, which are mixed with and covering the stools voided); b) separation of the cells (colonocytes) from the stools; c) homogenization and calibration of the colonocytes, through rupture of the colonocytes, with certain routine techniques; d) isolation of the free ribosomes, though differential centrifugation; e) labeling of the free ribosomes, utilizing fluorochromes (nanotechnology); and f) counting labeled free ribosomes, utilizing flow cytometry or other method.
COLORECTAL CANCER (CRC) ADVANTAGES OF RIBOGRAMA OVER OTHER NONINVASIVE METHODS OF DETECTECCION OF CRC
The degree of public support will be quite high, given sum of the following nice factors ":
01 02 03 - No invasive act; - No need for the patient, to handle their own feces during collection; - No fecal odor nuisance since the fecal collector is industrially designed accordingly (see the design of the collector of feces in the following images); - No bowel preparation is needed; - No need for cleansing enemas; - It is not necessary to use cathartics; - It is not necessary to shift the patient to a medical appointment or to a medical center;
04 05 06 07
COLORECTAL CANCER (CRC) ADVANTAGES OF RIBOGRAMA OVER OTHER NONINVASIVE METHODS OF DETECTECCION OF CRC
- The patient does not have to change their way of life; - The patient does not have to change the routine of their daily activities or work; 10 - The patient has no need to change the habits and type of food; 11 - The patient does not have to stop, or modify any medication; 12 The method does not give false negatives or false positives, because the test specification is limited to counting the ribosomes of colonocytes, which are the targets to be studied in cases of colorectal cancer, or in cases under malignization process, meaning that the test is 100% specific, 100% reliable and universal, for all tissues, once the cells to study are separated. 08 09
RIBOGRAMA is an objective and quantitative method that provides an unique service to HealthCare Providers worldwide. The method is qualified to deal within all business sectors of the worldwide HealthCare, from the sole practice physician to the largest chain of hospitals. The advantages of RIBOGRAMA METHOD over other noninvasive tests of cancer of the colon and rectum are the evident twelve "factors nice" that by themselves provide a good patient compliance and a preference for determining the health professionals, because there are no false positives or false negatives, since they are considering charges of ribosomes of cells isolated from the colorectal mucosa.
APLICATIONS
The colorectal cancer represents one of the biggest incidences of human cancer in the western type of life and cocked food. This research project has strong potential in the following fields : public health, medico-hospitalar practice, clinical and laboratorial research, food industry, veterinary, oncologic research, pharmaceutical industry and clinical trials research etc., The method has great medical and financial impact, firstly, by now, in the lowering significantly the morbidity and mortality of the colorectal cancer disease, in the world, and, after, with other organs and systems.
Raise new questions, explore new possibilities, and regard old problems from a new angle... [Albert Einstein]
The place where I was borned and grown. Oporto city - PORTUGAL