Introduction to Electricity & Magnetism

By Aditio Tejo Wiyono

DC (Direct Curent)
Direct Current (DC) is electrical current which only flow to one direction. There are 3 types of DC curents.

Types of DC Wave
Steady Flow current Pulsating current Interrupted current

OHM s Law

V=IxR
V: Voltage (Volt) I : Current (Amp) R : Resistance (Ohm)

DC Serial Circuit
Serial circuit is a circuit composed solely of components connected in series.

RT= R1 + R2 + Rn ET= E1+ E2+ E3+ E4 IT= I1= I2= I3= I4

DC Parallel Circuit
Parallel circuit is defined as a circuit with one or more of its components are connected in parallel form.

ET= E1= E2= E3= E4 IT+ I1+ I2+ I3+ I4

AC Circuits
Alternating Current (AC) circuit is an electrical circuit which its movement (or flow) of electric charge periodically reverses direction.
+ 0 -

Sine Wave

Square Wave

Triangular Wave

3 Phase AC Circuit
Currents reach their peak values sequentially Offset from one another by 1/3 of their period (120o)

Delta Connection
Delta-connection formed when the three common ends of each phase series formed a closed loop.

ILine ! 3 v IPhase VLine ! VPhase

WYE Connection
3 Phase Wye ( Y ) Connection has three voltage sources connected to a common point

VLine ! 3 v VPhase ILine ! IPhase

Inductance
Stores energy as function of current Tries to maintain current at a constant level Measured in henrys Produce Reactance in AC current

Inductive reactance
Produce when inductance connect to AC line circuit Make lagging effect beetwen curent and voltage.

Xl ! 2Tfl
f : frequencies (Hertz) l : Inductance (Henry) Xl : Inductive reactance (Ohm)

Capacitance
Stores energy as function of voltage Resists a change in voltage Measured in farads

Capacitor Symbols

Capacitive Reactance
1 Xc ! 2Tfc
f : frequencies (Hertz) l :Capacitance (Farad) Xc : capacitive reactance (Ohm)

Produce when inductance connect to AC line circuit as an effect Resists a change in voltage

Impedance
Z! R X
2 2

X ! ( Xl  Xc) X ! ( Xc  Xl )
Z : Impedance Xc : capacitive reactance (Ohm) Xl : Inductive reactance (Ohm) R : Resistance (Ohm)

Total resistance circuit has to the flow of electricity Can be more inductive or more capacitive

Apparent Power
Is the product of the volts and amperage (KVA) P apparent = E x I E and I measured separately Useful in sizing up equipment or for wiring

Apparent Power
Actual power delivered to, or consumed by the load Expressed in Watts P e = V rms x I

Apparent Power
Ratio of True Power to Apparent Power Cosine of the phase angle

Pa P.F. = Pe

= cos ( )

Ratio between amount of consumed or dissipated power and amount of absorbed/returned power

Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism is the physics of the electromagnetic field, A field that exerts a force on particles with the property of electric charge and is affected by the presence and motion of such particles.

Induced Electromagnetic Field

Electromotive force developed in a conductor by 1) moving the conductor within a magnetic field 2) moving the magnetic field in relation to the conductor Generates a voltage by changing the magnetic field

Induced Current
Size and strength of magnetic field directly proportional to current flow Increase in strength of emf, increase in current

AC Induction Motor
AC Induction Motor: 3 Major Components
1) Stator 2) Rotor 3) Stationary windings

AC Induction Motors: Theory of Operation

EMF generated in stator this induces secondary current flow in rotor Magnetic poles of rotor will be attracted to and repelled by magnetic fields in stator As stator emf moves, rotor will move to try to follow it rotor rotation

Transformer
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors

Transformer

Transformer Equation

Vp = Voltage at the primer winding Vs = Voltage at the secondary winding Np = Amount of winding at the primer Ns = Amount of winding at the Secondary Ip = current at the primer winding Is = current at the secondary winding

Transformers: Theory of Operation

Primary winding connected to an AC source EMF expands & collapses about the primary winding
Induces alternate voltage in secondary winding load

Megger
Megger is an electric instrument used to measure the insulation value of in a cable or other tools, from phase to ground. Usually set in Mega Ohms scale.

Fluke
Also known as multimeter Instrument that can be used to measure: Ohms
Volts Amperes Capacitance

Five primary hazards :

Shock Burns Arc-Blast Explosions Fires

SLB Electrical Standard

Locking and tagging equipment Guarding Grounding Mechanical protection device Personal Protective Equipment Safety work practices