The Cuyahoga River in Ohio became so polluted with chemicals it caught fire.

A plant accident in Bhopal, India, released methyl isocyanate. Nearly 4000 people died.

SOME WELL-PUBLICIZED INCIDENTS FROM THE PAST FEW DECADES

SOME WELL-PUBLICIZED INCIDENTS FROM THE PAST FEW DECADES

An accidental release of chemicals, including dioxin, in Seveso, Italy, in 1976 resulted in death of farm animals and long-term health problems for many local residents.

ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTERS
 DDT  CFCs  Love Canal

ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTERS
 Became rallying points for environmental laws
 Cuyahoga River- 1972 Clean Water Act  Love Canal- 1980 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation & Liability Act, better known as Superfund. Emergency Planning & Community Right-to-Know Act, requires that industries report toxic releases.

MANY COUNTRIES HAVE ALREADY ENACTED LAWS AND SIGNED INTERNATIONAL TREATIES TO REDUCE POLLUTION LEVELS, INCLUDING:
Montreal Protocol to Protect the Ozone Layer Global Treaty on Persistent Organic Pollutants Rio Declaration on Environment and Development

Growth i n Environmental Regul ati on

EPACT FFCA CERFA CRAA AM FA ARPAA AJA ASBCAA ESAA-AECA FFRAA FEAPRA IRA NWPAA CODRA /NM SPAA FCRPA MM PAA APA SWDA CERCLA CZMIA COWLDA FWLCA M PRSAA CAAA CWA SM CRA SWRCA SDWAA RCRAA WLDI PPA PPVA IEREA ANTPA GLCPA ABA CZARA WRDA EDP OPA RECA CAAA GCRA GLFWRA HMTUSA NEEA SDWAA SARA M PRSAA BLRA ERDDAA EAWA NOPPA PT SA UM TRCA ESAA QGA NCPA TSCA FLPM A RCRA NFMA CZMAA NEPA EQIA CAA EPA EEA OSHA FAWRAA NPAA

120 110 100 90 80 70 N um ber of 60 L aw s 50 40 30 20 10

YA RHA WA NBRA IA AA NPS TA FWCA BPA M BCA AEPA

AQ A

NAWCA

WQA NWPA

ARPA

BLBA HMTA FWPCA M PRSA ESA CZMA NCA TAPA FEPCA PW SA MM PA AQA FOIA WRPA AFCA FH SA NFM UA FIFRA PAA

FRRRPA SOWA DPA

FCMHSA

NH PA WLDA FWCAA FWA

WSRA EA RCFHSA

FAWRA NLRA WPA

AEA

0 1870 1880

1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

Risk Due to a Hazardous Substance

Risk=f(Hazard, Exposure)
environmental laws attempt to control exposure

Controlling Exposure = end of the pipe solution

Cost to Industry
 Industries in the US spend over $100 billion/year on waste treatment, control, and disposal.  1996 Dupont spent $ 1 billion for environmental compliance (research budget $ 1 billion; chemical sales of $18 billion)

THE POLLUTION PREVENTION ACT OF 1990

Risk=f(HAZARD, Exposure) Eliminate the hazard, no need to worry about the exposure!

Chemists Must Place a Major Focus on the Environmental Consequences of Chemical Products and the Processes by which these Products are Made.

We must consider our chemical ecological footprint.

GREEN CHEMISTRY
PREVENTING POLLUTION SUSTAINING THE EARTH

 Chemistry has an important role to play in achieving a sustainable civilization on earth.

Dr. Terry Collins, Professor of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University

WHAT IS A SUSTAINABLE CIVILIZATION?

WE SHOULD CONSIDER THIS QUESTION FROM SEVERAL VIEWPOINTS:

The environment and human health. A stable economy that uses energy and resources efficiently. Social and political systems that lead to a just society.

TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF CHEMISTRY IN SUSTAINABILITY, WE WILL LOOK AT THE FIRST TWO POINTS
The environment and human health. A stable economy that uses energy and resources efficiently.

IN A SUSTAINABLE CIVILIZATION
Technologies used for production of needed goods are not harmful to the environment or to human health. Renewable resources (such as plant-based substances or solar energy) are used rather than those, like fossil fuels, that will eventually run out.

IN A SUSTAINABLE CIVILIZATION
At the end of their use, materials are recycled if they are not biodegradable (easily broken down into harmless substances in the environment).

IN A SUSTAINABLE CIVILIZATION
Manufacturing processes are either designed so as not to produce waste products, OR Waste products are recycled or biodegradable.

WHILE WE HAVE MADE SOME PROGRESS IN ACHIEVING THESE GOALS, WE STILL HAVE A LONG WAY TO GO
Mountains of solid waste are piling upparticularly in industrialized nations. Air and water pollution continue to be problems in many places.

BUT HOW CAN CHEMISTRY HELP US TO ACHIEVE A SUSTAINABLE CIVILIZATION?

First, lets consider chemistrys benefits The chemical industry produces many products that improve our lives and upon which we depend.

BENEFITS OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY:

Antibiotics and other medicines Fertilizers, pesticides Plastics Nylon, rayon, polyester, and other synthetic materials Gasoline and other fuels Water purification

Better Things for Better Living Through Chemistry DuPont

        Ibuprophen Lipitor Celebrex Vioxx Rogaine Prozac Viagra Prilosec         Nylon Dacron PET Polystyrene Acrylics Teflon Rayon Polyaniline

DNA Recombinant Technology PCR

Most of the environmental problems of past centuries and decades, such as the biological contamination of drinking water, were solved only when the methods of science in generaland chemistry in particularwere applied to them. The phenomenal rise in human life expectancy and in the material quality of life that has come about in recent decades is due in no small measure to chemicals and chemistry.
Colin Baird, Environmental Chemistry.

THE POLLUTION PREVENTION ACT OF 1990

This was the U.S. environmental law stating that the first choice for preventing pollution is to design industrial processes that do not lead to waste production. This is the approach of green chemistry.

GREEN CHEMISTRY WORKS TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY BY:

Making chemical products that do not harm either our health or the environment, Using industrial processes that reduce or eliminate hazardous chemicals, and

GREEN CHEMISTRY WORKS TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY BY:

Designing more efficient processes that minimize the production of waste materials.

GREEN CHEMISTRY MEANS

Preventing pollution before it happens rather than cleaning up the mess later.

GREEN CHEMISTRY MEANS

Saving companies money by using less energy and fewer/safer chemicals, thus reducing the costs of pollution control and waste disposal.

GREEN CHEMISTRY
 Pollution Prevention Act 1990  GC Began in 1991 at EPA, Paul Anastas  1996 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards  1997 Green Chemistry and Engineering Conference  1999 Journal Green Chemistry  Chemical & Engineering News  2001 Journal of Chemical Education

Examples of Green Chemistry

Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award Winners For more informational on Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award Winners: http://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/presgcc.html

 New syntheses of Ibuprofen and Zoloft.  Integrated circuit production.  Removing Arsenic and Chromate from pressure treated wood.  Many new pesticides.  New oxidants for bleaching paper and disinfecting water.  Getting the lead out of automobile paints.  Recyclable carpeting.  Replacing VOCs and chlorinated solvents.  Biodegradable polymers from renewable resources.

EXAMPLES OF GREEN CHEMISTRY

Safer dry cleaning
  Initially gasoline and kerosene were used Chlorinated solvents are now used, such as perc

 Supercritical/liquid carbon dioxide (CO2)

LEAD POLLUTION HAS BEEN DECREASED BY

Replacing lead in paint with safe alternatives, and Replacing tetraethyl lead with less toxic additives (e.g., lead-free gasoline).

CHEMICAL FOAMS TO FIGHT FIRES

Millions of tons of chemical firefighting foams used worldwide have discharged toxic substances into the environment, contaminating water supplies and depleting the ozone layer.

PUTTING OUT FIRES THE GREEN WAY

A new foam called Pyrocool FEF has now been invented to put out fires effectively without producing the toxic substances found in other fire-fighting materials.

CHEMICALS FOR DRY CLEANING

Perchloroethylene (perc) is the solvent most widely used in dry cleaning clothing. Perc is suspected of causing cancer and its disposal can contaminate ground water.

A SAFER METHOD OF DRY CLEANING

Liquid CO2 can be used as a safer solvent if a wetting agent is used with it to dissolve grease. This method is now being used commercially by some dry cleaners.

GREEN CHEMISTRY
DEFINITION
Green Chemistry is the utilization of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products *.

GREEN CHEMISTRY IS ABOUT

Waste Minimisation at Source Use of Catalysts in place of Reagents Using Non-Toxic Reagents Use of Renewable Resources Improved Atom Efficiency Use of Solvent Free or Recyclable Environmentally Benign Solvent systems

* Green Chemistry Theory & Practice, P T Anastas & J C Warner, Oxford University Press 1998

The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry (1-6)

1. Prevention
It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it has been created.

2. Atom Economy
Synthetic methods should be designed to maximise the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product.

3. Less Hazardous Chemical Synthesis

Wherever practicable, synthetic methods should be designed to use and generate substances that possess little or no toxicity to people or the environment.

4. Designing Safer Chemicals

Chemical products should be designed to effect their desired function while minimising their toxicity.

5. Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries

The use of auxiliary substances (e.g., solvents or separation agents) should be made unnecessary whenever possible and innocuous when used.

6. Design for Energy Efficiency

Energy requirements of chemical processes should be recognised for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimised. If possible, synthetic methods should be conducted at ambient temperature and pressure.
Source: Green Chemistry Theory and Practice, Anastas & Warner, OUP, 2000

The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry (7-12)

7 Use of Renewable Feedstocks

A raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting whenever technically and economically practicable

8 Reduce Derivatives
Unnecessary derivatization (use of blocking groups, protection/de-protection, and temporary modification of physical/chemical processes) should be minimised or avoided if possible, because such steps require additional reagents and can generate waste.

9 Catalysis
Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents.

10 Design for Degradation

Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they break down into innocuous degradation products and do not persist in the environment.

11 Real-time Analysis for Pollution Prevention

Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for real-time, in-process monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances.

12 Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention

Substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical process should be chosen to minimise the potential for chemical accidents, including releases, explosions, and fires.

Green Chemistry Is About...

Waste Materials Hazard Risk

Energy
Environmental Impact COST

Some Aspects of Green Chemistry

Safer Reactions & Reagents

Catalysis Solvent Replacement

Separation Processes

Green Chemistry

Use of Renewable Feedstocks Waste

Energy Efficiency Process Intensification

Minimisation

IN SUMMARY, GREEN CHEMISTRY IS

Scientifically sound, Cost effective, and Leads toward a sustainable civilization.