By: MARIA JESUSA VIRA A.

MORALES, RN

Process by which people, services, and agencies of the community work together to learn about problems, conceive these problems as their own and be able to work out plans and solutions for such community problems.

As a Structure

Particular group of community members that work together for common health and health related problems. Sequence of steps whereby members of the community work together to critically assess and evaluate its condition with the view of improving this conditions.

As a Process/ Method

1. CONSCIOUSNESS-RAISING  Through experimental learning is central to the COPAR process because it places emphasis on learning that emerges from concrete action and which enriches succeeding action.

2. ORGANIZING-BUILDING  The formation of more formal structures and the inclusion of more formal procedures of planning, implementing, and evaluating community-wide activities.

3. MOBILIZATION  Is a strategy in developing the positive attitude of each organization member toward another, as well as to provide life to the theories of leadership and management taken up during the leadership skills training.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Traditional Modernization Technology Transformational Liberative Approach

a. b. c. d. e.

PRE-ENTRY/ PREPARATORY ORGANIZATIONAL BUILDING EDUCATION AND TRAINING INTERSECTORAL COLLABORATION PHASE-OUT

1. AREA SELECTION To guide the nurse in choosing and prioritizing areas for CHD, the following questions must be answered:
Is the community in need of assistance? Do the community members feel the need to work together to overcome a specific health problem? Are there concerned groups and organizations that the nurse can possibly work with? What will be the counterpart of the community in terms of community support, commitment and human resources?

2. COMMUNITY PROFILING > once the area has been selected, a community member who is known and accepted by the people will be chosen to act as the contact person. > contact person identify other persons who can be depended upon to initiate activities. > these people will compose the core group who will assist the nurse in doing a -

> community profile, which provides an overview of demographic characteristics, community and health-related services and facilities. - it will serve as an initial database of the community and provide the basis for planning and programming activities. - it can also help determine the appropriate approach and method of organizing.

3. ENTRY/ INTEGRATION > before entry in a community, cultural practices and lifestyle of the people must be known. Guidelines in Integration:

Recognize the role and position of local authorities. Adapt a lifestyle in keeping with that of the community. Choose a modest dwelling which the people, especially the economically disadvantaged will not hesitate to enter. Avoid raising expectations of the people. Be clear with your objectives and limitations. Participate directly in production process. Make house calls and seek out people where they usually gather. Participate in some social activities.

1. SOCIAL PREPARATION > the integration work paves the way for the nurse to be introduced into the community and signals the beginning of the social preparation phase. > nurse strengthens and deepens her ties with the people.

2. SPOTTING AND DEVELOPING POTENTIAL LEADERS > one who is able to gain the trust and respect of the community. > nurse should provide learning experiences that will prepare them as future leaders. > not necessarily a highly-educated one or belong to affluent family. > what is important is for the person is to be able to identify with, understand and articulate effectively problems of the community. > one who is influential and willing to work for the desired change.

3. CORE GROUP FORMATION > CORE GROUP consists of the identified leaders who will lay down the foundation of a strong peoples organization. > ideally represents the diff. sectors of the community women, youth, farmers or workers depending on the type of the community. > nurse assists sectoral representatives in forming core groups and facilitates in skills development.

 Core

group serves as training ground for developing potential leaders in:

- democratic and collective leadership - planning and assuming tasks for the formation of a community-wide organization - handling and resolving group conflicts - critical thinking and decision-making process

4. SETTING UP THE COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION > when all sectoral organizations have been put up, the people are ready to form a community-wide organization - will facilitate wider participation and collective action on community problems. > nurse makes sure that there is maximum participation of and control by the members in all its activities. > the organizational structure must be simple to facilitate consultation and decisionmaking.

> working committees created to look into the diff. concerns of the org. > one such committee is the health committee. > nurse assists in laying out plans of the health committee that includes identification of prospective community health workers (CHWs).

1. CONDUCTING THE COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS > Community diagnosis is done to come up with a profile of local health situation that will serve as basis of health programs and services to be delivered to the community. > nurse assists people in developing a plan and in the actual conduct. > she also helps to identify, analyze and understand the implications of the data they have collected.

2. TRAINING OF CHW > after the results of C.D. has been presented, the community decides on the roles the CHWs are expected to perform and the competencies and personal qualities they should possess. > based on criteria, people will decide who will be trained as CHWs. > Training needs assessment (TNA) conducted by the nurse to determine the level of health skills and knowledge trainees possess. - the results will serve as the basis for health skills training curriculum which will focus on the required competencies.

3. HEALTH SERVICES AND MOBILIZATION > organization takes the lead in undertaking activities that will solve the problems of community. > nurse engages people in a collective work that gives them opportunities to test and strengthen collective spirit and build their confidence. > nurse teaches the people how to prioritize problems that need to be addressed at a given time to prevent frustration.

4. LEADERSHIP FORMATION ACTIVITIES > nurse assesses the specific training and other practical needs of the leaders and plan for a continuing education program.

The need for resources-material, human, financial- will have to be sourced externally.  The nurse will facilitate and coordinate with institutions, agencies and other key people to articulate the communitys need for support and assistance.


Organization and community assume greater responsibility in managing their health-care needs.  The nurse gradually prepares for turn-over of work and develops a plan for monitoring and follow-up of activities until the community is ready for full disengagement and phase-out.


A process of active participation and involvement of the community in the entire research process and the expected beneficiaries are the main researcher which is the profile itself.  The central element is participation.  The expected beneficiaries are involves in this active process.


1. FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION Qualitative technique for gathering information on a topic or number of topics for small group of informants who usually share homogeneous characteristics and who are capable of shedding light on the subject for discussion. Form of unstructured interviewing which is called group interview or focus interview.

2. MODIFIED INTERVIEW/ QUESTIONNAIRE Refers to set of questions developed according to the need of the community. It aims to elicit data that are appropriate to the community and that it consists of the 5 elements of comprehensive community diagnosis. These are usually modified after the pre testing of the questions in the adopted community, improved to avoid data gap.

3. HISTORICAL MAPPING Mapping of old data elements to current data structures, for purposes of data continuity and recoverability. Something that suggests such a representation, as in clarity of representation to show graphically the direction or location

4. VENN DIAGRAM Is a drawing, in which circular areas represent groups of items sharing common properties. The drawing consists of two or more circles, each representing a specific group. Description: two items linked by characteristics or attributes. Uses: describe and compare attributes and characteristics of items (things, people, places, events, ideas, etc.)

The process of giving order to the findings by organizing the data into patterns and categories.  Interpretation is also part of the analytical process by giving the data meaning and relating it to the broader context.  The analysis can lead to recommendations and the start of a workers action plan.


1.

ORGANIZATION OF DATA > Begin by making two copies of all written data. > Review all data and for each response, code with a respondents name and date. > Arrange the data into themes by looking for patterns. > ex: Add up those who answered yes or no Add the number or people who had similar experiences.

2. CRITICAL ANALYSIS > Begin by reviewing the research objectives and goals. > Identify and discuss significant findings. > Discuss as a group the data or findings in terms of its broader context. > ex: Participants examine a health issue relate it to broader, social, political, economical and cultural situation. > Have the participants share their ideas about the implications for IFC.

3. ACTION PLANNING > Important strategy anyone can use to make things happen. > Give direction and organization to effectively achieve goals and objectives. > Details concrete steps to be taken towards implementing ideas.

STEPS IN DEVELOPING AN ACTION

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Develop a vision of the type of community. Formulate a mission statement. Analyze strength and weakness. Set realistic goal. Set specific objectives. Formulate an action plan outlining specific task and activities. Order specific task to be carried out in the action plan according to priority.

4. PARTICIPATORY EVALUATION HOW TO EVALUATE?

1. 2.

3. 4.

5.

6. 7.

Begin by forming a committee from project participants. Classify the evaluation focus by reflecting on the ff. questions: (What/ Why do we want to know? Who is the evaluation intended for?) Identifying evaluation goals. Design a method for conducting the evaluation using such tools as focus group discussion, interview and questionnaire. Information for the evaluation may also be taken from a review of reports and records. Develop work plan and time table for the evaluation. Evaluation should be ongoing throughout the project.

 Community

organizer must plan to establish and maintain valuable working relationships with people such as peoples organization, health organization, educational institutions, local government units, financial institutions, religious groups, socio- civic organizations, sectoral groups and the like to increase the probability of accomplishing goals.

 To

get people to work together in order to address problems or concerns that affect them. It gives people the opportunity to learn skills in group relationship, interpersonal relations, critical analysis and decision- making process in the context of democratic leadership.

1. Networking Relationship among organization that consists of exchanging information about each others goals and objectives, services or facilities. It requires small amount of time yet has great potential in terms of joint action.

2. Coordination Relationship where organization modify their activities in order to provide better services to the target beneficiary. Time consuming because it requires more involvement and trust on the part of the committed organization.

3. Cooperation Modification of activities that are more responsive to communitys needs may significantly involve peoples lives that is why certain amount of cooperation is a must.

4. Collaboration Relation where organization help each other enhance their capacities in performing their tasks as well as in the provision of services.

5. Multi- sectoral collaboration Relationship where organization and citizen form a partnership. Requires great investment in terms of time, effort, trust and the will to make a change.

6. Advocacy Places the clients rights as a priority. The nurse is responsible in providing mechanisms for people to participate in activities that aim to improve the conditions of the community. Helps empower the people to make decisions and carry out actions that have the potential to better their lives.

Advocacy works involve: Informing the people about the rightness of the cause. Thoroughly discussing with the people the nature of the alternatives, their content and possible consequences. Supporting peoples rights to make a choice and to act on their choice. Influencing public opinion.