Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Environmentally Sound Technologies (ESTs) for urban and domestic water use efficiency
Delft University of Technology production of the presentation: Dr. Aad F. Correlje, Faculty of Technology, Policy & Management Dr. Ing. Thorsten Schuetze, Faculty of Architecture Dr. Sybrand P. Tjallingii, Faculty of Architecture Dr. Maki Ryu, Faculty of Architecture UNEP DTIE IETC coordination: Vicente Santiago
every drop counts
target group
1. Introduction
focus
presentation
WiseWater
[Sourcebook Chapter 2]
economy
institutions
The challenge is to achieve an appropriate 'fit' between the 'hard' technical and physical characteristics, the economics of ESTs and the institutional environment that facilitates their selection, construction and operation.
every drop counts
2. Backgrounds Policies
Embeddedness
Informal institutions, customs, traditions, norms, religion
What does it imply ? Institutional environment Formal rules of the game, Policies ? property, water laws, Project development ? bureaucracy Implementation ? Governance Operation ? All these activities have to be considered in the context of the four layers of the institutional framework.
Play of the game, contracting, aligning governance structures with transactions
2. Backgrounds Policies
2. Backgrounds Policies
2. Backgrounds Policies
Recommendations:
2. Backgrounds Policies
2. Backgrounds Policies
2. Backgrounds Policies
[Sourcebook Chapter 3]
2. Backgrounds Criteria
poor sanitation
new watertaps
2. Backgrounds Criteria
2. Backgrounds Criteria
PLANET
(ecological) sustainable is:
PEOPLE
(social)
- participation - fair sharing - gender
PROSPERITY
(economic)
- profit and development
FLOWS
which flows? choices made?
AREAS
which areas? choices made?
guiding principles
ACTORS
which actors, choices made?
every drop counts
Discussion
efficiency
realization detailed design
fit
strategic plan
2. Backgrounds Criteria
2. Backgrounds Criteria
2. Backgrounds Criteria
3. ESTs Intro
3. ESTs Storage
3. ESTs Storage
3. ESTs Storage
The use of effluent for recharging groundwater is possible. Soil Aquifer Treatment technology prevents pollution by pathogens, nutrients and other contaminants.
every drop counts
3. ESTs Storage
3. ESTs Storage
3. ESTs Supply
3. ESTs Supply
3. ESTs Supply
3. ESTs Supply
If drinking water of reliable quality is not available, proper treatment at the user level is an option.
every drop counts
3. ESTs Supply
3. ESTs Supply
3. ESTs Use
Waterless toilets
Waterless toilets need neither water nor sewers. They work on the basis of dehydration and composting. The resulting compost can be applied to the fields in urban agriculture. The right degree of humidity is crucial. They are often combined with urine separation. Vertical ventilation pipes guarantee odour free operation. Compost toilets require more space and need more maintenance. Simple dry toilets are easier to use and cheaper. They need to be emptied every week.
every drop counts
3. ESTs Use
Drinking, cleaning, bathing, washing, toilet flushing. Combined water saving appliances lead to 43% savings in liter per person per day.
every drop counts
3. ESTs Use
The local government and NGOs can also give a good example demonstrating how attractive green spaces can be created with native species adapted to dry conditions.
every drop counts
3. ESTs Use
3. ESTs Use
3. ESTs Use
3. ESTs Reuse
3. ESTs Reuse
3. ESTs Reuse
3. ESTs Reuse
Small scale aerobic (>compost) or anaerobic technology (>methane + slurry) are feasible. These innovative ESTs require careful and skilful guidance. For example joint projects of users with researchers and practitioners in a learning by doing context.
every drop counts
3. ESTs Reuse
Constructed wetlands
Stabilisation ponds and constructed wetlands are a low-cost alternative for the treatment of domestic wastewater. They provide water for irrigation in urban agriculture and for watering green spaces. Detention and retention ponds, lined up with reeds and other wetland plants, perform well in purifying run-off rainwater from quite streets. More polluted water requires constructed wetlands designed for horizontal or vertical flow, filtering, adsorption and uptake of nutrients. Good design and maintenance are vital.
every drop counts
3. ESTs Reuse
3. ESTs Reuse
3. ESTs Reuse
[Sourcebook Chapter 5]
4. Integration
Village model
development stage Traditional simple systems, self organisation, minor role for central government. promising EST combinations: Preferably ESTs based on groundwater, supported by traditional rainwater based ESTs. First option is water supply by wells. Residents take water home in small containers. Demand is usually < 30 liter per person per day. First options for sanitation are dry toilets and improved pit latrines to avoid groundwater contamination. Grey-water gardens or soil aquifer treatment for waste water discharge. Compost for agriculture. 4. Integration
4. Integration
City model
development stage Existing medium to large cities, important role for government agencies, few collective and individual user based systems. promising EST combinations: storage Groundwater recharge, small dams in rivers. If big dam exists, alternatives reduce dependency. Strong promotion of rainwater harvesting ESTs. supply Full piped network. Priority for leakage control. use Promotion of water saving toilets and water saving appliances. Water sensitive urban design to create conditions for run-off use for watering parks and gardens. reuse & Improving centralised wastewater treatment. recycling Reuse of effluent and sludge in agriculture. Reuse of treated wastewater in watering green spaces.
every drop counts
4. Integration
development stage New development with a leading role for agencies, NGOs and developers. Collective organisations and individuals take over after construction. promising EST combinations: storage Groundwater or surface water based systems. Building design regulations and legal frame creates good conditions for rainwater harvesting. supply Full piped network for drinking water. Collective and individual systems for service water. use Water saving and dry toilets, water saving appliances. Water sensitive urban design for runoff use in green spaces. reuse & Centralised and collective blackwater treatment. recycling Building level grey water treatment (service water). Constructed wetlands in urban design.
every drop counts
4. Integration
5. Questions
Workshop questions
EVALUATION
lessons from other local projects strenghts and weaknesses of this situation (SWOT)
(sourcebook chapter 3.4)
initiative
ORIENTATION
efficiency
GUIDING PRINCIPLES ANALYSIS
5. Questions